Vaccination

Scientific studies  (review articles) on the relationship between vaccination and ending poverty in developing countries:
One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of randomized, placebo-controlled double blind clinical trials (RCTs) will answer the following question:
"Do taking dietary supplements make sense?" Yes for a positive conclusion and no for a negative conclusion.

One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of cohort studies or case-control studies will answer the following question:
"Should I change my diet?".

1. rVSVDG-ZEBOV-GP vaccine at dose of 2 × 107 PFU stops future outbreak of Ebola
2. Patients with diabetes mellitus should be vaccinated against herpes zoster
3. Myocarditis incidence after RNA vaccines is 0.0035%
4. COVID-19 vaccination reduces susceptibility to infection and transmission to others
5. COVID-19 vaccination is recommended for IBD patients
6. COVID-19 mRNA vaccines are effective against symptomatic COVID-19 infection among immunocompromised patients
7. Overall effectiveness of Moderna vaccine against COVID-19 caused by delta variant is 91% after 2 doses
8. Vaccination effectively reduces new cases and deaths of COVID-19
9. COVID-19 vaccines effectively reduce death, severe cases, symptomatic cases and infections across the world
10. Efficacy for mRNA COVID-19 vaccines is 85% in people over 18 years
11. No gender differences in the efficacy of COVID-19 vaccines
12. mRNA vaccines are the most effective against COVID-19
13. Overall vaccine effectiveness of Pfizer-BioNTech COVID 19 mRNA vaccine is 95%
14. Adenovirus-vectored and mRNA-based COVID-19 vaccines show highest efficacy after first and second doses
15. AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine produces highest T cell ELISpot responses
16. Physical activity enhances immune system and increases potency of vaccination
17. All persons with diabetes should receive influenza vaccination
18. Rotarix and RotaTeq provide similar protection against rotavirus gastroenteritis in children younger than 5 years
19. Rotavirus vaccines are effective in preventing rotavirus diarrhoea in countries with lower child mortality
20. Rotavirus vaccine in sub-Saharan Africa reduces the burden of rotavirus associated diarrhea by half
21. No association between oral cholera vaccination and adverse pregnancy outcomes
22. Reduced-dose intradermal influenza vaccination could be a reasonable alternative to standard dose intramuscular vaccination
23. Seroprotection rate and seroconversion rate of older adults are lower than those in younger adults influenza virus infection
24. Influenza vaccination during pregnancy reduce infant influenza
25. Vaccination decreases infections in patients with autoimmune inflammatory rheumatic diseases
26. MCV1 administered to infants younger than 9 months induces a good immune response
27. MCV1 vaccination at 6 to ≥15 months improves antibody response and measles protection among one-dose recipients
28. Measles vaccination before 9 months results in high seropositivity, vaccine effectiveness and T-cell responses
29. Intralesional injection of mumps-measles-rubella vaccine is associated with a higher complete response in cutaneous warts
30. No difference in seroconversion between 3 doses of fIPV and 3 doses of full-dose poliovirus vaccine
31. One IPV dose should be added to protect against paralysis caused by type 2 poliovirus
32. Sequential polio vaccination schedule gives stronger immunogenicity
33. Vaccinations reduce childhood leukemia
34. BCG vaccine is the most effective prophylactic intervention of leprosy among contacts
35. BCG and measles vaccines reduce eczema in childhood
36. BCG vaccination may not increase lymphoma
37. BCG vaccine should not be used in treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus
38. Rates of vaccine coverage immediately after birth are very low for BCG and HepB-BD in neonates in sub-Saharan Africa
39. BCG and MCV vaccine may reduce overall mortality
40. 2 doses of killed whole-cell oral cholera vaccine provide protection against cholera for at least 3 years
41. 2-dose varicella vaccination results in higher levels of immunogenicity than 1-dose vaccination
42. Maternal antibody concentrations and infant age at first vaccination both influence infant vaccine responses
43. A double dose of HBV vaccine improves immune response in HIV-infected patients
44. Concomitant administration of other vaccines along with HPV vaccine does not interfere with immune response to HPV vaccine
45. 2vHPV vaccine gives more systemic adverse events
46. Bivalent HPV vaccine offers protection against HPV16, HPV18 and HPV16/18 genotypes
47. 20 μg of HBV vaccine should be given for adults in China
48. Maternal HBV DNA of 5.30 log10 IU/mL or greater appears to be the optimal threshold for mother-to-child transmission of HBV infection
49. No correlation between autoimmune disease and HPV vaccine
50. Human papillomavirus vaccination is not associated with increased risk of autoimmune disorders
51. HPV vaccination during pregnancy does not increase adverse pregnancy outcomes
52. Patients with inflammatory bowel disease demonstrate reduced HBV response
53. HPV vaccines reduce HPV-related oropharyngeal cancer
54. Hepatitis B virus (HBV) vaccination may not increase multiple sclerosis risk
55. Hepatitis B vaccination does not increase autoimmune diseases risk
56. Hepatitis B vaccination does not increase risk of central demyelination
57. Bacillus Calmette-Guérin vaccination protects against non-tuberculous mycobacterial disease
58. The prevalence of norovirus in patients with acute gastroenteritis in developing countries is 17%
59. Pneumococcal vaccine + influenza vaccine probably reduce all-cause mortality in dialysis patients
60. A pneumococcal vaccination in immunocompromised patients is needed
61. South Asia has relatively high incidence of bacterial meningitis among children aged 1-59 months
62. PCVs are generally cost-effective compared to no vaccination in HICs and LMICs
63. Pneumococcal Conjugate Vaccine PCV10 and PCV13 reduce the hospitalization rates for pneumonia, particularly in children aged 24months
64. PCV13 vaccine is effective against serotype 3 invasive pneumococcal disease in children
65. Pneumococcal vaccination may decrease all-cause mortality in patients with cardiovascular disease
66. Effectiveness of PCV in preventing of IPD among HIV-infection children is lower than without HIV-infection

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• A vaccine is made from very small amounts of weak or dead germs (for example, viruses, bacteria or toxins) that can cause diseases.
• Vaccines are safe. Any licensed vaccine is rigorously tested across multiple phases of trials before it is approved for use (by e.g. FDA) and regularly reassessed once it is on the market.
• A vaccine prepares your body to fight the disease faster and more effectively so you won’t get sick.
• Vaccinations work by boosting the immune system's ability to fight certain infections. The vaccination teaches your immune system to recognize and fight specific germs so that when you are exposed to them, you have a much lower risk of getting sick.
• Vaccinations are also called vaccines, immunizations, needles or shots.
• Scientific evidence shows that giving several vaccines at the same time has no negative effect on a child’s immune system.
• Seroconversion is the time period during which a specific antibody develops and becomes detectable in the blood. After seroconversion has occurred, the disease can be detected in blood tests for the antibody.
• Seroprotection is an antibody response capable of preventing infection, e.g., after a vaccination or a previous infection with a microorganism.
• 90-95% of people must be vaccinated in order to protect the entire population or achieve what is called herd immunity.
  The basic idea is that a group (the “herd”) can avoid exposure to a disease by ensuring that enough people are immune so that no sustained chains of transmission can be established. This protects an entire population, especially those who are too young or too sick to be vaccinated. For measles for instance, which is highly contagious, approximately 95% of the people in the community must be protected by a vaccine to achieve sufficient herd immunity.
• It is important to note that there will always be some people who rely on herd immunity rather than individual immunity to stop disease, such as:
  • People without a fully-working immune system, like those without a working spleen
  • People on chemotherapy treatment whose immune system is weakened
  • People with HIV
  • Newborn babies who are too young to be vaccinated
  • Elderly people
  • Many of those who are very ill in hospital
  • People who are not immunized increase the chance that they and others will get the disease.
• There are “2 types” of vaccines:
  1. Available vaccines (a list of certain diseases for which vaccines are available)
  2. Pipeline vaccines (a list of diseases for which vaccines are in development)
• Available vaccines are:
  • Ebola
  • Cholera
  • Dengue
  • Diphtheria
  • Hepatitis A
  • Hepatitis B
  • Hepatitis E
  • Haemophilus influenzae type b (Hib)
  • Human papillomavirus (HPV)
  • Influenza
  • Japanese encephalitis
  • Malaria
  • Measles
  • Meningococcal meningitis
  • Mumps
  • Pertussis
  • Pneumococcal disease
  • Poliomyelitis
  • Rabies
  • Rotavirus
  • Rubella
  • Tetanus
  • Tick-borne encephalitis
  • Tuberculosis
  • Typhoid
  • Varicella
  • Yellow fever
• Pipeline vaccines are:
  • Campylobacter jejuni
  • Chagas disease
  • Chikungunya
  • Dengue
  • Enterotoxigenic Escherichia coli
  • Enterovirus 71 (EV71)
  • Group B Streptococcus (GBS)
  • Herpes Simplex virus
  • HIV-1
  • Human hookworm disease
  • Leishmaniasis disease
  • Malaria
  • Nipah virus
  • Nontyphoidal Salmonella disease
  • Norovirus
  • Paratyphoid fever
  • Respiratory Syncytial Virus (RSV)
  • Schistosomiasis disease
  • Shigella
  • Staphylococcus aureus
  • Streptococcus pneumoniae
  • Streptococcus pyrogenes
  • Tuberculosis
  • Universal influenza vaccine