Voeding en gezondheid

Research Question:
The total homocysteïneconcentraties during pregnancy are associated with a wide range of unwanted pregnancy outcomes and may possibly affect the birth weight.

Should women during pregnancy on their homocysteine levels look for?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 19 Rcts with 21326 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The meta-analysis showed a crude OR of 1.25 [95% CI = 1.09-1.44] see. By the crude OR as a linear effect to express it came in line with a decrease in the birth weight of 31 grams (95% CI =-13 to-51 grams) at a 1-SD increase in maternal homocysteine levels.

The researchers concluded that women who during pregnancy a high homocysteine levels had an elevated risk of getting an SGA baby or a baby with a low birth weight. The small estimated birth weight difference would have little clinical relevance to individual newborn but it would be of greater importance, however, are on the population level.

Original title:
Maternal homocysteine and small-for-gestational-age offspring: systematic review and meta-analysis by Hamed M, Blom HJ and DD M.

Link:
http://www.ajcn.org/content/95/1/130.short

Additional information about El Mondo:
Swallow dietary supplements always consult with an expert!

Research Question:
Previous studies showed inconsistent findings regarding the link between a high plasma homocysteine levels and abdominal aortic aneurysm (AAA). It was therefore carried out this review article.

Increases the chances of getting a high plasma homocysteine levels of abdominal aortic aneurysm?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 7 case-control studies with 6445 participants, of which 1410 patients with abdominal aortic aneurysm.

There was no question of publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that an increased plasma homocysteine levels the chance of getting an abdominal aortic aneurysm significantly with 229% [95% CI = 1.66-6.51, I2 = 92.9%, p = 0.000] increased.

The researchers found that an increased plasma homocysteine levels the chance of getting an abdominal aortic aneurysm in men non-significant with 136% [95% CI = 0.63-8.82] increased.

The researchers concluded that a high plasma homocysteine levels the chance of getting an abdominal aortic aneurysm probably increased. Probably because this overview article contained only case-control studies and also knew heterogeneity.

Original title:
Homocysteine Level and Risk or Abdominal Aortic Aneurysm: A Meta-Analysis by Cao H, Hu X, [...], Xin S.

Link:
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0085831

Additional information about El Mondo:
Conclusion found in case-control studies is not really reliable because case-control studies very sensitive to errors, which can affect the conclusion. Therefore, the conclusion be confirmed in case-control studies found in cohort studies or in RCTs. Read more study design.

An abdominal aortic aneurysm is a local dilation of the abdominal aorta. An abdominal aortic aneurysm is defined as an aortic diameter of at least one and a half times the diameter measured at the level of the renal arteries. A Dilated abdominal aorta can tear after which the patient can bleed to death within minutes.

• Risk factors of abdominal aortic aneurysm:
• Diabetes mellitus (diabetes)
• Heredity
• Hypercholesterolemia (high cholesterol)
• Hypertension (high blood pressure)
• Age (> 50)
• Men are more likely than women
• Smoking

Research Question:
The evidence for the effects of folic acid on plasma homocysteine levels and the total the glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes are contradictory. It was therefore carried out this review article.

The total plasma homocysteine levels and folic acid supplements improve the glycemic control in people with type 2 diabetes?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 4 studies with 183 patients with diabetes type 2.

Results and conclusions:
The meta-analysis showed that folic acid supplements had a significant effect on the total plasma homocysteine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. The weighted mean difference was-3.52 [95% CI =-4.44 to-2.60]. Significant is, there is a link at 95% reliability.

The meta-analysis showed that folic acid supplements had a non-significant effect on the HbA1c levels in patients with type 2 diabetes. The weighted mean difference was-0.37 [95% CI =-1.10 to 0.35]. Non-significant is, there is no link.

The researchers concluded that folic acid supplements the total plasma homocysteine levels in patients with type 2 diabetes reduced and there was a trend to recognize in improving glycemic control.

Original title:
Effect of folic acid supplementation on plasma total homocysteine levels and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Sudchada P, Saokaewemail S, [...], Khaithong W.

Link:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S016882271200215X

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about folic acid and homocysteine levels in the presentation the high folic acid.
 

Research Question:
The endothele function of folic acid supplements improve cardiac patients?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 6 Rcts with 191 patients in the folic acid supplementation group and 186 in the placebo group. The majority of the participants was man.
The duration of the replacement ranged from 8 weeks to 4 months.
There was talk of positive publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that folic acid supplements the flow-mediated dilation or FMD [MD = 57.72 μm, 95% CI = 50.14-65.31, p 0.05] significantly improved.

The researchers found that folic acid supplements the plasma homocysteine levels [MD =-3.66 μmol/L, 95% CI,-5.44 to-1.87, 0.05, I2 = 87% p ] significantly improved.

The researchers concluded that 5 mg folic acid per day for a minimum of 4 weeks the flow-mediated dilation improved and reduced the plasma homocysteine levels in patients with coronary artery disease. So has this overview article in the form of a meta-analysis the importance of high-dose folic acid for improving the function of the endothelium underlined. Folic acid should be recommended to patients with coronary artery disease. However, there are more Rcts need to confirm the conclusion of this meta-analysis.

Original title:
Efficacy of folic acid supplementation on endothelial function and plasma homocysteine concentration in coronary artery disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials By YI X, ZHOU Y, [...], JIANG X.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC3991512/

Additional information about El Mondo:
Coronary heart disease are disorders that are caused by abnormalities in the coronary arteries (coronary artery disease). The two best known diagnoses are acute heart attack and angina.

It is through power supply not possible to get daily 5 mg folic acid within. Via PSU is only possible to 0.2-0.3 mg folic acid to get inside.

Find here more studies on folic acid.

Research Question:
This review article was carried out to assess the impact of adding folic acid to flour (also called folic acid fortification) on to assess the prevalence of neural tube defects.

Folic acid fortification of foods reduces the prevalence of neural tube defects?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 27 studies.

Results and conclusions:
Costa Rica showed a significant reduction in the 60% see neural tube defects.
The prevalence in Chile fell between 1999-2007 of 18.6 to 7.3 per 10 000 births but showed a slight increase to 8.5 in 2008/2009, possibly due to the changes in the fortification limits.

The lowest prevalence of neural tube defects was observed at a folic acid enrichment of 1.5 mg per kg.

The researchers concluded that adding folic acid to flour had a great influence on the neural tube defects in all countries where this was reported. Chile showed a 55% reduction in the prevalence of neural tube defects between 1999 and 2009. But there is a need to continually monitor the levels of the flour fortification in order to be able to maximize the benefits and potential risks of too much folic acid to prevent than have to be vigilant for any new side effects, which are associated with too much folic acid.

Original title:
Impact of folic acid fortification of flour on neural tube defects: a systematic review by Ricardo Castillo-Lancellottia C, Uauya r. Tura YES and

Link:
http://journals.cambridge.org/action/displayAbstract;jsessionid=2F7D1ACC68E18220E3935A218D6FFA3B.journals?fromPage=online&aid=8654076

Additional information about El Mondo:
The recognised global recommendation for adding folic acid to wheat flour has a content of 1 to 5 mg per kg. Adding folic acid to wheat flour is a cheap way to reduce the prevalence of neural tube defects.

Read more about folic acid folic acid in the presentation.

Research Question:
There is conflicting evidence about the association between the intake of folic acid and the risk of getting the upper gastrointestinal tract cancer. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Reduces folic acid intake through feeding the chance of getting cancer of the gastrointestinal tract?

Study Design:
This overview article contained case-control and cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found in 9 retrospective studies, that eating folic acid the chance of getting esophageal cancer significantly with 41% [OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.51-0.69] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found in 16 studies that eating folic acid the chance of getting stomach cancer non-significant 6% [OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.78-1.14] reduced. Non-significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

The researchers found in 8 studies that eating folic acid the chance of getting pancreatic cancer significantly with 34% [OR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.49-0.89] reduced. Significant wants blessing, there can be said with 95% reliability that eating folic acid the chance of getting pancreatic cancer reduced by 34%.

The researchers concluded that eating folic acid the chance of getting both esophageal cancer pancreatic cancer reduced.

Original title:
Folate intake and the risk of upper gastrointestinal cancers: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Tio Andrici M, J, [...], Eslick GD.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/?term=Folate+intake+and+the+risk+of+upper+gastrointestinal+cancers%3A+A+systematic+review+and+meta-analysis

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on folic acid.
This meal delivers 185 micrograms of folic acid.

Research Question:
Epidemiological studies are inconsistent with respect to the relationship between the intake of folic acid and reduced risk of heart disease. It was therefore carried out this review article.

The consumption of folic acid reduces the risk of cardiovascular disease?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 14 prospective cohort studies to August 2010. 7 studies looked at the folic acid intake via diet and 8 to the levels of folic acid in the blood.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that eating a lot of folic acid compared with little, chances of getting heart disease significantly with 31% [95% CI = 0.60-0.80] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that eating 200 micrograms of folic acid per day the chance of getting heart disease significantly with 12% [95% CI = 0.82-0.94] reduced. Significant because the risk of 1 was not in the 95% CI of 0.82-0.94. Risk of 1 is, there is no raised or lowered risk.

The researchers found that the highest blood folate levels the chance of getting heart disease non-significant 26% [95% CI = 0.53-1.02] reduced. Non-significant because the risk of 1 sat in the 95% CI of 0.53-1.02.

The researchers found that every increase in blood folate levels with 5 mmol/l the chance of getting heart disease non-significant with 8% [95% CI = 0.84-1.00] reduced. Non-significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability but a trend.

The researchers concluded that eating 200 micrograms of folic acid per day or more chances of getting heart disease reduced.

Original title:
Folate and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of prospective studies by Wang ZM, Zhou B, [...], Wang LS.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/21924595

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about folic acid.

This meal delivers 200 micrograms of folic acid.

Research Question:
There are more and more data and continuing controversy over the effect of folic acid on getting cancer. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Swallowing folic acid supplements increases the chance of getting cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained Rcts.  

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found in 13 Rcts (n = 49, 406) that taking folic acid supplements, the chance of getting cancer does not significantly with 5% [95% CI = 0.99-1.11, p = 0.13] increased. Not significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

The researchers found in 7 Rcts (n = 33, 824) that taking folic acid supplements, the chances of getting colon cancer does not significantly with 1% [95% CI = 0.82-1.23, p = 0.95] increased. Not significant is, there cannot be said with 95% reliability that swallowing folic acid supplements the chance of getting colon cancer increased by 1%.

The researchers found in 2 Rcts (n = 20, 228) that swallowing folic acid supplements the chance of getting gastrointestinal cancer (excluding colon cancer) with 0% [95% CI = 0.75-1.33, p = 0.99] increased. Not significant because the found p-value of 0.99 is higher than 0.05.

The researchers found in 5 Rcts (n = 27, 65) that swallowing folic acid supplements the chance of getting prostate cancer not significant 17% [95% CI = 0.84-1.62, p = 0.35] increased. Not significant because the risk of 1 sat in the 95% CI of 0.84 and 1.62. The risk of 1 means no risk.

The researchers found in 2 Rcts (n = 20, 228) that swallowing folic acid supplements the chance of getting Genitourinary cancer (with the exception of prostate cancer) is not significantly with 3% [95% CI = 0.75-1.27, p = 0.84] reduced.

The researchers found in 5 Rcts (n = 31, 864) that swallowing folic acid supplements the chances of getting lung cancer with 0% [95% CI = 0.84-1.21, p = 0.97] increased.

The researchers found in 4 Rcts (n = 19, 800) that swallowing folic acid supplements the chance of getting breast cancer is not significantly with 18% [95% CI = 0.63-1.07, p = 0.15] reduced.

The researchers found in 3 Rcts (n = 25, 670) that swallowing folic acid supplements the chance of getting hematologic malignancy not significantly with 13% [95% CI = 0.64-1.17, p = 0.35] reduced.

The researchers found in 6 Rcts (n = 31, 930) that swallowing folic acid supplements do not significantly the chances of dying from cancer by 2% [95% CI = 0.90-1.15, p = 0.81] increased.

The researchers found in 3 Rcts (n = 19, 128) that swallowing folic acid supplements the chance of getting Melanoma (a type of skin cancer) significantly with 53% [95% CI = 0.23-0.94, p = 0.03] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers concluded that taking folic acid supplements the chance of getting cancer is not increased. However, swallowing folic acid supplements reduced the chance of getting melanoma.

Original title:
Folic acid supplementation and cancer risk: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Qin X, Cui Y, [...], Wang X.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/23338728

Additional information about El Mondo:
A Melanoma is a type of skin cancer, arising from the pigment cells of the skin (melanocytes). Anywhere in the skin, these melanocytes.

Melanomas are relatively common in people from a year or 40. More often in women than in men. It is very rare that a child will get a melanoma.

When a Melanoma (melanoma literally means: black tumor) is detected at an early stage, the chances of successfully treating large. The treatment consists of a surgical removal of the melanoma, with the chance of cure is greater than 95%.

Research Question:
Swallowing folic acid supplements will lower the chance of getting heart disease?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 26 Rcts with 58804 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that taking folic acid supplements the chance of getting cardiovascular diseases (CVD) are not significantly with 2% [95% CI = 0.95-1.02, p = 0.36] reduced. Not significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that taking folic acid supplements the chances of getting coronary heart disease (CHD) is not significantly with 3% [95% CI = 0.98-1.08, p = 0.23] increased.

The researchers found that swallowing folic acid supplements the risk of all-cause mortality (death to all causes) not significant with 0% [95% CI = 0.96, p = 0.92-1.04] increased.

The researchers found that taking folic acid supplements the chance of getting a stroke not significant with 7% [95% CI = 0.86-1.00, p = 0.05] reduced.

The researchers concluded that taking folic acid supplements the chance of getting a stroke may be reduced. Possible because the found p-value for getting a stroke was equal to 0.05.

Original title:
Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in cardiovascular disease prevention: an updated meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Yang HT, Lee M, [...], Saver JL.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22884409

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find out more about studies with folic acid.

Research Question:
There is an ongoing conflict about preventing a stroke by foliumsupplementen. It was therefore carried out this review article. 

Swallowing folic acid supplements lowers the chances of getting a stroke?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 15 Rcts with 55764 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The ondezoekers found that swallowing folic acid supplements (n = 55764) the chance of getting a stroke significantly with 8% [RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.86-1.00, p = 0.038] reduced.

The ondezoekers took place in 10 Rcts with partial or no folic acid fortification, that swallowing folic acid supplements (n = 43426) the chance of getting a stroke significantly with 11% [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.82-0.97, p = 0.010] reduced. The reduced risk in these 10 studies increased to 23% among the population with a low percentage of 89%) statinegebruik (.

The ondezoekers took place in 5 Rcts with folic acid fortification, that swallowing folic acid supplements (n = 12338) the chance of getting a stroke not significantly with 3% [RR = 1.03, 95% CI = 0.88-1.21, p = 0.69] increased.

The ondezoekers concluded that swallowing folic acid supplements (400-800 micrograms per day) the chance of getting a stroke in the population without or with reduced partial folic acid fortification. The reduced risk rose as less Statin was used.

Original title:
Efficacy of folic acid supplementation in stroke prevention: new insight from a meta-analysis by Huo Y, Qin X, [...], Wang X.

Link:  
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22607506

Additional information about El Mondo:
It is not obligatory in Netherlands wetttelijk to add folic acid to foods, also called folic acid fortification called. The only "obligation" is to add vitamins A and D to margarine and low-fat margarine and iodine to bread and pastry products.

It is not possible through feeding daily 400 micrograms (mcg) folic acid to get inside.
Find here more studies on foliuzuur.

Research Question:
Many epidemiological studies have the relationship between the intake of folic acid, the folic acid blood levels and the risk of getting breast cancer examined. However, the findings were inconsistent between the studies. It was therefore carried out this review article.

High folic acid consumption lowers the chance of getting breast cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 16 prospective studies with participants whose 26205 744068 patients with breast cancer and 26 case-control studies with 21820 16826 breast cancer patients and controls (those without breast cancer).

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found in a pooled analysis of all the studies together, a potential non-linear relationship between eating folic acid and getting breast cancer.

The researchers found in prospective studies a U-shaped relationship between eating folic acid and getting breast cancer, with a significantly reduced risk between 153 and 400 micrograms of folic acid per day.

The researchers found in case-control studies a significant negative relationship between eating folic acid and getting breast cancer, with a reduced risk at a high folic acid consumption on breast cancer among women with a high alcohol consumption but not among women with a low alcohol consumption.  

The researchers found participants in 8 studies with no significant association between folic acid 5924, bloedwaarden and getting breast cancer.

The researchers concluded that eating folic acid (153 and 400 micrograms of folic acid per day) the chance of getting breast cancer, especially among women with high alcohol consumption reduced.

Original title:
Higher dietary folate intake reduces the breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Chen P, Li C, [...], Wang h.

Link:
http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v110/n9/full/bjc2014155a.html

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on folic acid.

Research Question:
Many epidemiological studies have the relationship between the intake of folic acid, the folic acid blood levels and the risk of getting breast cancer examined. However, the findings were inconsistent between the studies. It was therefore carried out this review article.

High folic acid consumption lowers the chance of getting breast cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 16 prospective studies with participants whose 26205 744068 patients with breast cancer and 26 case-control studies with 21820 16826 breast cancer patients and controls (those without breast cancer).

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found in a pooled analysis of all the studies together, a potential non-linear relationship between eating folic acid and getting breast cancer.

The researchers found in prospective studies a U-shaped relationship between eating folic acid and getting breast cancer, with a significantly reduced risk between 153 and 400 micrograms of folic acid per day.

The researchers found in case-control studies a significant negative relationship between eating folic acid and getting breast cancer, with a reduced risk at a high folic acid consumption on breast cancer among women with a high alcohol consumption but not among women with a low alcohol consumption.  

The researchers found participants in 8 studies with no significant association between folic acid 5924, bloedwaarden and getting breast cancer.

The researchers concluded that eating folic acid (153 and 400 micrograms of folic acid per day) the chance of getting breast cancer, especially among women with high alcohol consumption reduced.

Original title:
Higher dietary folate intake reduces the breast cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Chen P, Li C, [...], Wang h.

Link:
http://www.nature.com/bjc/journal/v110/n9/full/bjc2014155a.html

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on folic acid.

Research Question:
Studies in people and animals suggest that zinc has the potential to affect the metabolism of cholesterol and thereby affects the risk of cardiovascular diseases.

Zinc supplements decrease chances of getting heart disease?

Study Design:
This contained 20 Randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind overzichtartikel, intervention studies (Rcts) with 14238 participants.  

Results and conclusions:
The meta-analysis showed that swallowing zinc no significant effect on the plasma total cholesterol, LDL-cholesterol, HDL-cholesterol or plasma triglycerides concentration had. No significance is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

However, secondary analysis in healthy participants showed that swallowing zinc plasma HDL cholesterol significantly with 0.10 mmol/L [± 0.02 mmol/L, p = 0.001, n 13215] reduced, which corresponded to a reduction of 7% compared to the initial value.

The researchers found that the zinc plasma zinc concentration swallowing significantly with 2.42 micromol/L [± 0.25 μmol/L, p = 0.001; n 14047] increased.

The researchers concluded that swallowing of zinc the zinc concentration in the body increased, while reduced HDL cholesterol in healthy persons and thus contributed to an increased chance of getting heart disease.

Original title:
Effects of zinc on plasma lipoprotein cholesterol concentrations in humans: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Fostera M, Petoczb P and Sammana S.

Link:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0021915009009952

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about zinc.
Swallow only nutritional supplements when the claim has been approved by EFSA or when a protective effect is found in review articles of Rcts.

Research Question:
Epidemiological findings concerning the relationship between intake of heme iron and zinc and getting colon cancer deliver contradictory results. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Heme iron and zinc intake via diet increase the chances of getting colon cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 8 prospective studies on heemijzerinname and 6 prospective studies on zinc intake.

There was minimal evidence of publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that a high heemijzerinname through feeding compared to a low intake, the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 14% [RR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.04-1.24] increased. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that a high zinc intake via food compared to a low intake, the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 17% [RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.72-0.94] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found in a dose-dependent analysis that each increase with 1 mg heme iron per day, the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 11% [95% CI = 1.03-1.18] increased.

The researchers found in a dose-dependent analysis that every increase of 5 mg of zinc per day, the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 14% [95% CI = 0.78-0.96] reduced.

The researchers concluded that heemijzerinname (1 mg or more per day) through feeding the chance of getting colon cancer increased while zinc intake (5 mg or more per day) colon cancer reduced.

Original title:
Intakes or heme iron and zinc and colorectal cancer incidence: a meta-analysis of prospective studies by Lei Qiao and Yong Feng.

Link:
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-013-0197-x

Additional information about El Mondo:
Heme iron is mainly in red meat and hence the recommendation by the World Cancer Research Fund: eat no more than 500 grams of red meat per week (so the chances of getting colon cancer decrease).

 

Research Question:
The association between the intake of zinc and the chance of getting cancer of the gastrointestinal tract is mentioned in several epidemiological studies, however the results were controversial. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Lowers eating zinc the chance of getting cancer of the gastrointestinal tract?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 19 studies with approximately 400,000 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that a high zinc intake via food compared to a low, the chance of getting cancer of the gastro-intestinal tract significantly with 18% [95% CI = 0.70-0.96, p = 0.013] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that a high zinc intake via food compared to a low, the chance of getting colon cancer significantly with 20% [pooled RR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.70-0.92, p = 0.002] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that a high zinc intake via food compared to a low, the chance of getting both stomach cancer as esophageal cancer among Asians, but not among Europeans and Americans reduced. 

The researchers concluded that eating a lot of zinc the chance of getting cancer of the gastrointestinal tract, especially colon cancer reduced.

Original title:
Association between zinc intake and risk of digestive tract cancers: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Li P, Xu J, [...], Wu Y.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24148607

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on colon cancer and zinc.
 

Research Question:
Prostate cancer is a growing public health problem. Several human studies have demonstrated a potential protective effect of selenium, but the conclusions of the published studies are inconsistent. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Selenium lowers the risk of getting prostate cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 12 studies with participants, of which 13254 5007 people with prostate cancer.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that the risk of getting prostate cancer declined with increasing plasma/serum selenium concentration to 170 ng/mL.

Three high qualitative studies included in this meta-analysis showed that the concentration of selenium in toenails (0.85-0.94 ug/g) the risk of getting prostate cancer significantly with 71% reduced [RR = estimated 0.29, 95% CI = 0.14-0.61].  

The researchers concluded that there is a relationship between a relatively narrow range of selenium status and the reduced risk of getting prostate cancer existed. Further studies in populations with low selenium status is needed.

Original title:
Selenium and prostate cancer: systematic review and meta-analysis by Hurst R, Hooper L, [...], Fairweather-Tait SJ.

Link:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/96/1/111.short

Additional information about El Mondo:
Of selenium is known to be the margin between too little and too much selenium is relatively small. That makes swallowing too much selenium selenium is not harmless since the limit is easily exceeded.
Read more about selenium selenium in the presentation.

Research Question:
Patients with sepsis (blood poisoning) benefit from swallowing selenium supplements?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 9 RCTs with 792 patients with sepsis.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that the risk of swallowing selenium mortality among patients with sepsis significantly with 27% [95% CI = 0.54-0.98, p = 0.03, I2 = 0%] reduced.

The researchers found that taking selenium had no significant influence on getting a nosocomial pneumonia (pneumonia after at least 48 hours at a hospital). The odds ratio was 0.83 [95% CI = 0.28-2.49, p = 0.74, I2 = 56%].

The researchers concluded that swallowing of selenium (higher than the recommended daily allowance) reduced the risk of mortality among patients with sepsis.

Original title:
The Effect or Selenium Therapy on Mortality in Patients With Sepsis Syndrome: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Jacobi J, Alhazzani W, [...], Jaeschke, RZ.

Link:
http://journals.lww.com/ccmjournal/Abstract/2013/06000/The_Effect_of_Selenium_Therapy_on_Mortality_in.20.aspx

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about selenium.

A well-known example of a type of blood poisoning (sepsis) is the meningococcen sepsis.
People with an increased risk of sepsis are:

• Cancer patients especially those that have been treated with chemotherapy.
• Elderly because that often have a less effective immune system.
• Children under 4 years.
• Postoperative patients.
• Patients with impaired immunity (Aids patients, patients with immunosuppressive drugs, such as Crohn's disease or rheumatism).

Research Question:
A low sodium intake will lower blood pressure?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 14 cohort studies and 5 Rcts that mortality, cardiovascular heart disease, stroke or coronary heart disease had as outcome measures and 37 Rcts that blood pressure, the functioning of the kidneys, the blood fats and the catecholamineconcentratie had as outcome measures. This review article also contained further 9 Rcts and 1 cohort study that blood pressure in children as outcome measure (= end point of the study) had.  

The Rcts had a follow up to 4 weeks to 36 months (most (n = 31) less than 3 months) with 5508 participants and used 24-hour urine to measure the sodium intake. The difference in the sodium intake between the intervention and control group amounted to 40 mmol/day (920 mg) or more.
The cohort studies had a follow-up of at least 1 year.

The funnel plots showed a low risk of publication bias see.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that in adults decreased in 36 Rcts carried out sodium intake the systolic blood pressure significantly with 3.39 mmHg [95% CI = 2.46-4.31] and vacuum significantly with 1.54 mmHg [95% CI = 0.98-2.11] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that a sodium intake of 2 grams or more (equivalent to 5 grams of salt or more) per day compared to less than 2 grams per day, the systolic blood pressure significantly with 3.47 mmHg [95% CI = 0.76-6.18] and vacuum significantly with 1.81 mmHg [95% CI = 0.54-3.08] reduced.

The researchers found in mature that a reduced sodium intake no significant, adverse effects on blood fats, the functioning of the kidneys and catecholamineconcentratie [p > 0.05] had.

The researchers found that an increased intake of sodium at risk of getting a stroke significantly with 24% [95% CI = 1.08-1.43] increased.

The researchers found that an increased intake of sodium the risk of dying from stroke significantly with 63% [95% CI = 1.27-2.10] increased.

The researchers found that an increased intake of sodium the risk of dying from heart disease significantly with 32% [95% CI = 1.13-1.53] increased.

In children led a reduced sodium intake to a significant lowering of systolic blood pressure with 0.84 mmHg [95% CI = 0.25-1.43] and vacuum with 0.87 mmHg [95% = 0.14-1.60].

The subgroup analysis (to get additional information) showed that a reduced sodium intake the blood pressure in both people with high blood pressure as people with normal blood pressure reduced.

The researchers concluded that a low intake of sodium (equivalent to 5 grams of salt or less per day) blood pressure and chances of getting heart disease reduced.

Original title:
Effect or lower sodium intake on health: systematic review and meta-analyses by Aburto NJ, Ziolkovska A, [...], Meerpohl JJ.
Link:
http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f1326?utm_source=feedburner&utm_medium=feed&utm_campaign=Feed%3A+bmj%2Fresearch+%28Latest+BMJ+Research%29

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about sodium.
1 grams of salt (sodium chloride) delivers 0.4 and 0.6 grams grams of sodium chloride. So 2 grams sodium corresponds to 5 grams of salt.
It's not salt but that sodium raises blood pressure. Starting from 2014, it is no longer required by the sodium content (though the salinity) of a food to mention on the packaging.

Low salt products are products with 0.1-0.5 grams of sodium per 100 g. What products 0.1-0.5 grams of sodium per 100 grams, you can look up here.
Salt-rich products are products with more than 0.3 grams of salt per 100 kcal or more than 0.5 grams of sodium per 100 g. With this formula, you can calculate, or a product in the supermarket salt is rich or not.
5 grams of salt per day corresponds to a power supply with up to 0.25 grams of salt per 100 kcal.

Research Question:
High sodium intake increases the risk of dying from heart disease?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 11 prospective cohort studies with 229785 participants and an average follow-up time of 13.37 years (5.5-19 years).

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that a high sodium intake the likelihood of dying from heart disease significantly with 12% increased [RR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.06-1.19].

The researchers found in a meta-regression that every increase of 10 mmol (230 mg) sodium per day the chances of dying from heart disease significantly with 1% (p = 0.016) increased.

The researchers concluded that a high sodium intake the likelihood of dying from heart disease among the general population increased.

Original title:
Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies by Poggio R, Gutierrez L, [...], Rubinstein A.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24848764

information of El Mondo:
Find here more studies on heart disease and sodium.

A sodium rich (or salt rich) diet is a diet with more than 0.5 grams of sodium per 100 g.