Elderly

Objectives:
Current evidence on associations between intakes of linoleic acid (LA), the predominant n-6 (ω-6) fatty acid and mortality is inconsistent and has not been summarized by a systematic review and meta-analysis. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does higher linoleic acid intake, assessed by dietary surveys or biomarkers decrease mortality from all causes, cardiovascular disease (CVD) and cancer?

Objectives:
Several epidemiological studies have been performed to evaluate the association of dietary intake of vitamin C-oriented foods (DIVCF) with risk of fracture and bone mineral density (BMD) loss, but the results remain controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does dietary intake of vitamin C-oriented foods decrease risk of fracture and bone mineral density loss?

Objectives:
Does a high LDL cholesterol level (bad cholesterol) increase risk of Alzheimer's disease (AD)?

Study design:
This review article included 26 case-control studies involving 7,033 participants (2,266 Alzheimer's disease patients and 4,767 non-dementia controls).

Objectives:
Is there a causal relationship between dietary intake of dairy products and a positive effect on bone mineral density (BMD) in healthy postmenopausal women?

Objectives:
Previous studies did not draw a consistent conclusion about the effects of vitamin K combined with vitamin D on human skeletal quality. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does vitamin K combined with vitamin D supplementation increase bone mineral density (BMD)?

Objectives:
Has oral supplementation of vitamin B (vitamins B1, B6, B12 and folic acid alone or combined) preventive effect on cognitive decline in cognitively unimpaired individuals?

Study design:
This review article included 20 RCTs, ranging from 23 to 2,919 participants per study, with a total of 12,697 participants.
8 of these 20 RCTs were deemed appropriate for the meta-analysis.

Results and conclusions:

Objectives:
Isoflavones have a structure similar to 17β-estradiol, so they may be useful to postmenopausal women in preventing bone loss related to estrogen deficiency. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Objectives:
Does calcium combined with vitamin D supplementation reduce risk of osteoporosis in postmenopausal women?

Study design:
This review article included 10 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found calcium combined with vitamin D supplementation significantly increased total bone mineral density [SMD = 0.537, 95% CI = 0.227 to 0.847] in postmenopausal women.

Objectives:
Do omega-3 fatty acid supplements (EPA and DHA) improve sarcopenia-related performances among the elderly?

Study design:
This review article included 10 RCTs with 552 participants.
The number of study participants ranged from 24 to 126 and the durations of the interventions spanned 10 to 24 weeks.
The doses ranged from 0.16 to 2.6 g/day of EPA and from 0 to 1.8 g/day of DHA.
The mean ages of the participants across the RCTs ranged from 63 to 75 years old.

Objectives:
Does a high dietary intake of β-cryptoxanthin reduce the risk of osteoporosis and hip fracture?

Study design:
This review article included 7 cohort studies, 4 case-control studies and 4 cross-sectional studies with a total of 100,496 individuals.
The methodological qualities of all studies were rated as “fair” to “good”.
The number of populations in each study ranged from 59 to 25,566.