Nutrition and health

Objectives:
Do diets rich in protein causually reduce body weight of adults with overweight or obesity? 

Study design:
This review article included 37 RCTs.
The diets were included during a mean of 32 weeks interventions, ranging from 8 to 104 weeks.

There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found protein intake (ranging from 18-59 energy percentage [En%]) significantly reduced body weight by 1.6 kg [95% CI = 1.2 to 2.0 kg, I2 = 56%] compared to controls (digestible carbohydrate, fiber, fat or no supplementation (no placebo used)).
This result was also found in sensitivity analysis.

The investigators found the effect size of dietary protein in body weight management was dependent on specific phenotypes, where individuals with prediabetes had more benefit compared to individuals with normoglycemia.
Furthermore, individuals without the obesity risk allele (AA genotype) had more benefit compared to individuals with the obesity risk alleles (AG and GG genotypes).

The investigators concluded that diets rich in protein (18-59 energy percentage [En%]) during 32 weeks causally have a moderate beneficial effect on body weight management of adults with overweight or obesity.

Original title:
Are Dietary Proteins the Key to Successful Body Weight Management? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Assessing Body Weight Outcomes after Interventions with Increased Dietary Protein by Hansen TT, Astrup A and Sjödin A.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8468854/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on protein consumption and overweight right here.

A diet rich in protein with 18-59 energy percentage [E%] or a diet with 18-59 En% protein means that the amounts of protein contribute 18 to 59% to the total calories (kcal) of the diet.
If the diet contains 2000 kcal, 90 grams of protein contribute 18% to this 2000 kcal.
1 gram of protein gives 4 kcal. Thus 90 grams of protein provide 360 kcal (90x4 kcal) and 360 kcal is 18% of 2000 kcal.

The most easy way to follow a diet rich in protein with 18-59 energy percentage is to choose only meals/products with 18-59 En% protein. Check here which products contain 18-59 En% protein.

However, the most practical way to follow a diet with 18-59 En% protein is, all meals/products that you eat on a daily basis should contain on average 18-59 En% protein.

To do this, use the 7-points nutritional profile app to see whether your daily diet contains 18-59 En% protein.

A high-protein diet is a diet with at least 20 En% protein.

 

Objectives:
The association between vitamin C and metabolic syndrome (MetS) has been evaluated in several epidemiological studies with conflicting results. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do dietary vitamin C intake and circulating vitamin C level reduce risk of metabolic syndrome? 

Study design:
This review article included 26 cross-sectional studies and 2 cohort studies with a total number of 110,771 participants. 23 studies were related to the dietary vitamin C level.
The sample size ranged from 143 to 27,656 persons.
The dietary vitamin C level was assessed by food-frequency questionnaire (FFQ) in 4 studies, a 24-h or 3-day recall in 18 studies and a 4-day record in 1 study.

No evidence of publication bias existed according to Begg's rank correlation test [p = 0.495].

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found when compared to the lowest dietary vitamin C intake, that the highest dietary vitamin C intake significantly reduced risk of metabolic syndrome with 7% [overall multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.88 to 0.97, p = 0.003, I2 = 54.5%, p = 0.003]. The above findings were confirmed in cross-sectional studies [RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.87 to 0.97, p = 0.001] and 24-h or 3-day recall [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.86 to 0.93, p 0.001] studies.

The investigators found when compared to the lowest circulating vitamin C level, that the highest circulating vitamin C level significantly reduced risk of metabolic syndrome with 40% [overall multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.74, p 0.001, I2 = 22.7%, p = 0.249].

The investigators concluded that both the dietary and the circulating vitamin C level reduce risk of metabolic syndrome. However, due to the limitation of the available evidence, more well-designed prospective studies are still needed.

Original title:
Vitamin C and Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies by Guo H, Ding J, [...], Zhang Y.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8531097/

Additional information of El Mondo:
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In practice, a lot of dietary vitamin C intake amounts to 200 to 300 grams of vegetables and 2-5 pieces of fruit per day. Vitamin C is found in fruit and vegetables.

A high circulating vitamin C level can be obtained through vitamin C-rich food and/or taking vitamin C supplements.

 

Objectives:
The associations between dietary carbohydrate and diverse health outcomes remain controversial and confusing. Therefore, this review article (meta-analyse) has been conducted.

What is the association between dietary carbohydrate intake and diverse health outcomes?

Study design:
This review article included 43 meta-analyses of observational research studies with 23 health outcomes, including cancer (n = 26), mortality (n = 4), metabolic diseases (n = 4), digestive system outcomes (n = 3) and other outcomes [coronary heart disease (n = 2), stroke (n = 1), Parkinson's disease (n = 1) and bone fracture (n = 2)].

This umbrella review summarized 281 individual studies with 13,164,365 participants.

33.3% studies were considered to be of high quality and 66.7% of moderate quality.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found highly suggestive evidence showed that dietary carbohydrate intake significantly increased risk of metabolic syndrome with 25% [adjusted summary odds ratio = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.15 to 1.37].

The investigators found suggestive evidence showed that dietary carbohydrate intake significantly decreased risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma with 43% [adjusted summary hazard ratio = 0.57, 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.78].

The investigators found suggestive evidence showed that dietary carbohydrate intake significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality with 19% [adjusted summary hazard ratio 1.19, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.30].

The investigators concluded despite the fact that numerous systematic reviews and meta-analyses have explored the relationship between carbohydrate intake and diverse health outcomes, there is no convincing evidence of a clear role of carbohydrate intake. However, highly suggestive evidence shows carbohydrate intake is associated with higher risk of metabolic syndrome. Suggestive evidence shows carbohydrate intake is associated with higher risk of all-cause mortality and lower risk of esophageal adenocarcinoma.

Original title:
Dietary Carbohydrate and Diverse Health Outcomes: Umbrella Review of 30 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of 281 Observational Studies by Liu YS, Wu QJ […], Zhao YH.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8116488/

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Find more information/studies on carbohydrate consumption and obesity/overweight right here.

Objectives:
What is the association between red meat and poultry consumption and the risk of metabolic syndrome?

Study design:
This review article included 9 prospective cohort studies, which involved a total of 21,869 participants.
Among them, 8 studies were identified for red meat consumption.

No publication bias was observed according to the Begg's rank-correlation test and the Egger's test.  

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that red meat consumption was significantly associated with a higher risk of 35% for metabolic syndrome [multi-variable adjusted RR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.62, p = 0.001, I2 = 54.4%, p = 0.032].  
The same results were obtained in subgroup analysis for >5 years follow-up [RR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.7, p = 0.006], non-National Cholesterol Education Program-Adult Treatment Panel (NCEP-ATP III) [RR = 1.34, 95% CI = 1.12 to 1.62, p = 0.002], Non-Asia [RR = 1.51, 95% CI = 1.29 to 1.77, p 0.001], adjustment of BMI [RR = 1.4, 95% CI = 1.23 to 1.6, p 0.001] and physical activity studies [RR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.29 to 1.71, p 0.001].

The investigators found that unprocessed red meat consumption was significantly associated with a higher risk of 32% for metabolic syndrome [multi-variable adjusted RR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.14 to 1.54, p = 0.0003, I2 = 0%, p = 0.397].  

The investigators found that processed red meat consumption was significantly associated with a higher risk of 48% for metabolic syndrome [multi-variable adjusted RR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.11 to 1.97, p = 0.007, I2 = 64.7%, p = 0.097].  

The investigators found that poultry consumption was significantly associated with a lower risk of 15% for metabolic syndrome [multi-variable adjusted RR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.97, p = 0.02, I2 = 0%, p = 0.707].  

The investigators concluded that red meat (processed and unprocessed) consumption is associated with a higher risk of metabolic syndrome, whereas, poultry consumption is associated with a lower risk of metabolic syndrome. More well-designed randomized controlled trials are still needed to address the issues further.

Original title:
Association of Red Meat and Poultry Consumption With the Risk of Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies by Guo H, Ding J, [...], Zhang Y.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8295459/

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Objectives:
Do chair-based exercise programmes improve upper extremity and lower extremity function in older adults?

Study design:
This review article included 25 studies with a total of 1,388 participants.
19 studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

The chair exercises included chair-based yoga, seated tai chi and rocking chair. The interventions lasted between 2 and 72 weeks, with the most common duration being 12 weeks, delivering 2 to 14 sessions per week. Sessions lasted between 15 and 110 minutes.

There was considerably heterogeneity in the age range of participants included.
The mean age of participants in studies ranges from 55 to 88 years.
17 studies had a low risk of bias and 5 had a high risk of bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that chair-based exercise programmes significantly improved upper extremity [handgrip strength: MD = 2.10, 95% CI = 0.76 to 3.43, I2 = 42% and 30 s arm curl test: MD = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.34 to 4.31, I2 = 71%] and lower extremity function [30 s chair stand: MD = 2.25, 95% CI = 0.64 to 3.86, I2 = 62%].

The investigators found no significant differences in the Berg balance scale, timed up and go test or gait speed between the intervention and control groups. Similarly, no significant differences were observed for self-reported activities of daily living or for falls efficacy, which were analyzed using standardised mean difference between the intervention and control groups as there were different instruments used to measure each outcome.

The investigators concluded that chair-based exercise programmes improve upper extremity (handgrip strength and 30 s arm curl test) and lower extremity (30 s chair stand) function in older adults. These changes are observed in short (12 weeks) and medium term (12 weeks to 6 months) interventions.

Original title:
The Effect of Chair-Based Exercise on Physical Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Klempel N, Blackburn NE, […], Tully MA.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7920319/

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Upper extremity is part of the body that includes the arm, wrist and hand.
Lower extremity refers to the part of the body from the hip to the toes.

Objectives:
Nuts are recommended for cardiovascular health, yet concerns remain that nuts may contribute to weight gain due to their high energy density. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does nut consumption contribute to an increased adiposity risk?

Study design:
This review article included 6 prospective cohort studies with 569,910 participants and 86 RCTs with 114 comparisons and 5,873 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found nuts consumption was significantly associated with a lower risk of 7% for incidence of overweight/obesity [RR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.88 to 0.98, p 0.001, moderate certainty of evidence] in prospective cohort studies.

The investigators found RCTs showed no adverse effect of nuts on body weight [MD = 0.09 kg, 95% CI = -0.09 to 0.27 kg, p 0.001, high certainty of evidence].

The investigators found meta-regression showed that higher nut intake was significantly associated with reductions in body weight and body fat.

The investigators concluded that current evidence demonstrates the concern that nut consumption contributes to increased adiposity appears unwarranted.

Original title:
Are fatty nuts a weighty concern? A systematic review and meta-analysis and dose-response meta-regression of prospective cohorts and randomized controlled trials by Nishi SK, Viguiliouk E, [...], Sievenpiper JL.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34494363/

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Objectives:
The efficacy and safety of L‐arginine supplements and their effect on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) remained unclear. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does supplementation with arginine increase VO2 max in healthy people?

Study design:
This review article included 11 RCTs.
The different types of arginine supplements were L‐arginine, arginine aspartate, arginine alpha‐ketoglutarate and arginine in combination with antioxidants.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found subgroup analysis showed that arginine in the form of L‐arginine significantly increased VO2 max compared to the other forms [weighted mean difference = 0.11 L/min, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.485].

The investigators concluded that supplementation with L‐arginine alone increases VO2 max compared to the other types of arginine or combined with other metabolites or supplements. Future homogeneous and well‐designed randomized clinical trials are needed to a deep understand of the effects of L‐arginine on VO2 max in healthy human subjects.

Original title:
The effect of L-arginine supplementation on maximal oxygen uptake: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Rezaei S, Gholamalizadeh M, […], Doaei S.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7883807/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies on protein and sport nutrition. 

VO2 max is the maximum amount of oxygen your body can utilize during exercise. The more oxygen your body can use, the more your muscles can work.

Objectives:
Does prenatal alcohol exposure have adverse effects on pregnancy and birth outcomes?

Study design:
This review article included 33 studies.
The quality assessment identified that 61% of studies were high quality, 30% were average quality and 9% were low quality.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that prenatal alcohol exposure significantly increased the likelihood of placental abruption with 48% [odds ratio = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.37 to 1.60].

The investigators found no association between prenatal alcohol exposure and placenta previa [odds ratio = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.84 to 1.34].

The investigators found that prenatal alcohol exposure significantly reduced placental weight with 51g [95% CI = -82.8g to -19.3g].

The investigators found reports of altered placental vasculature, placental DNA methylation, and gene expression following prenatal alcohol exposure.

The investigators concluded prenatal alcohol exposure increases the likelihood of placental abruption and is associated with decreased placental weight, altered placental vasculature, DNA methylation and molecular pathways. Given the critical role of the placenta in determining pregnancy outcomes, further studies investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced placental dysfunction are required. Sex-specific placental adaptations to adverse conditions in utero have been well documented; thus, future studies should examine prenatal alcohol exposure-associated placental outcomes separately by sex.

Original title:
Prenatal alcohol consumption and placental outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies by Steane SE, Young SL, […], Moritz KM.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34181895/

Additional information of El Mondo:
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Objectives:
Diets with high glycemic index (GI) or high glycemic load (GL) have been linked to important risk factors associated with the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), such as dyslipidemia, higher blood glucose and insulin concentrations. However, the role of GI and GL in relation to metabolic syndrome is still understudied and controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does high dietary GI or GL increase risk of metabolic syndrome?

Study design:
This review article included 1 cohort study and 11 cross-sectional studies with a total sample size of 36,295 subjects.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found, the pooled effect sizes from the 9 studies indicated high versus low dietary GI was significantly associated with increased risk of 5% for metabolic syndrome [OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.09, I2 = 58.1%, p = 0.004].
This finding was supported by all subgroup analyses except where studies used 24-h recalls for dietary assessment.

The investigators found, additionally, a linear dose-response investigation revealed that each 5-point increment in GI was associated with 2% increase in the risk of metabolic syndrome [OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.02].
Howver, non-linear pattern was insignificant [p-nonlinearity = 0.63].

The investigators found, moreover, pooled effect sizes from 10 studies suggested that no association was found between the GL and metabolic syndrome with results remaining consistent in all subgroup analyses.

The investigators concluded that high dietary GI increases risk of metabolic syndrome. Nutrition policy and clinical practices should encourage a diet with low GI. Future studies should include both GI and GL and different criteria of metabolic syndrome to provide a better comparison.

Original title:
Glycemic index, but not glycemic load, is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome: Meta-analysis of observational studies by Askari M, Dehghani A, […], Alizadeh S.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33928722/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on GI and overweight right here.

A diet with low GI is a diet with GI of 55 or lower.

Objectives:
Essential amino acids (EAAs) promote the process of regulating muscle synthesis. Thus, whey protein that contains higher amounts of essential amino acids can have a considerable effect on modifying muscle synthesis. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of soya and whey protein supplementation on body composition. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does whey protein or soya protein supplementation improve body composition parameters (like lean body mass, body mass, fat mass and body fat percentage) in adults?

Study design:
This review article included 10 RCTs with 596 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a significant increase in lean body mass after whey protein supplementation [WMD = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.15 to 1.67, p = 0.019].
This significant increase was not found for soya protein supplementation.

The investigators found no significant change between whey protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass and body fat percentage.

The investigators found no significant change between soya protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass and body fat percentage.

The investigators concluded that whey protein supplementation improves body composition via increases in lean body mass, without influencing fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage in adults.

Original title:
Comparison of the effect of soya protein and whey protein on body composition: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials by Damaghi MP, Mirzababaei A, […], Mirzaei K.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33971994/

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Objectives:
There is much debate regarding the source/quality of dietary proteins in supporting indices of skeletal muscle anabolism. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

What is the effect of protein source/quality on acute muscle protein synthesis (MPS) and changes in lean body mass (LBM) and strength, when combined with resistance exercise (RE)?  

Study design:
This review article included 27 studies that compared the effects of ≥2 dose-matched, predominantly isolated protein sources of varying "quality”, in young (18-35 y) and older (≥60 y) adults.

3 separate models were employed as follows: 1) protein feeding alone on muscle protein synthesis, 2) protein feeding combined with a bout of resistance exercise on muscle protein synthesis and 3) protein feeding combined with longer-term resistance exercise training (RET) on lean body mass and strength.  

The mean age for the young groups across all 3 models ranged between 20 and 29 y and the older groups were between 61 and 75 y.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found analysis revealed an effect favoring higher-quality protein for postprandial muscle protein synthesis at rest [mean difference (MD) = 0.014%/h, 95% CI = 0.006 to 0.021, p 0.001] and following resistance exercise [MD = 0.022%/h, 95% CI = 0.014 to 0.030, p 0.00001] in young [model 1 = 0.016%/h, 95% CI = -0.004 to 0.036, p = 0.12. Model 2 = 0.030%/h, 95% CI = 0.015 to 0.045, p 0.0001] and older [model 1 = 0.012%/h, 95% CI = 0.006 to 0.018, p 0.001. Model 2 = 0.014%/h, 95% CI = 0.007 to 0.021, p 0.001] adults.  

The investigators found, however, although higher protein quality was significantly associated with superior strength gains with resistance exercise training [standardized mean difference (SMD) = 0.24 kg, 95% CI = 0.02 to 0.45, p = 0.03], no effect was observed on changes to lean body mass [SMD = 0.05 kg, 95% CI = -0.16 to 0.25, p = 0.65].

The investigators concluded that protein quality provides a small but significant impact on indices of muscle protein anabolism in young and older adults. However, further research is warranted to elucidate the importance of protein source/quality on musculoskeletal aging, particularly in situations of low protein intake.

Original title:
Protein Source and Quality for Skeletal Muscle Anabolism in Young and Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Morgan PT, Harris DO, […], Breen L.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8245874/

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Objectives:
Excess body weight, including overweight and obesity, is one of the major factors influencing human health and plays an important role in the global burden of disease. Carotenoids serve as precursors of vitamin A-related retinoids and are considered to have potential effects on many diseases. However, the influence of carotenoids on people with excess body weight is unclear. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does carotenoid supplementation reduce risk of overweight and obesity in overweight or obese subjects?

Study design:
This review article included 7 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) and 8 observational studies with 28,944 subjects and data on multiple carotenoid subgroups, including lycopene, astaxanthin, cryptoxanthin, α-carotene, and β-carotene.

In all included RCTs, the intervention duration was 20 days at the shortest and 16 weeks at the longest and the range of intervention doses was 1.2-60 mg/d.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that the insufficiency of serum carotenoids significantly increased risk of overweight and obesity with 73% [OR = 1.73, 95% CI = 1.57 to 1.91, p 0.001].

The investigators found, moreover, carotenoid supplementation was significantly associated with body weight reductions [SMD = -2.34 kg, 95% CI = -3.80 to -0.87 kg, p 0.001], body mass index decrease [SMD = -0.95 kg/cm², 95% CI = -1.88 to -0.01 kg/cm², p 0.001] and waist circumference losses [SMD = -1.84 cm, 95% CI = -3.14 to -0.54 cm, p 0.001].

The investigators concluded that 1.2-60 mg/d carotenoid supplementation reduces risk of overweight and obesity in overweight or obese subjects. Furthermore, an insufficiency of serum carotenoids is a risk factor for overweight and obesity. Additional data from large clinical trials are needed.

Original title:
The association between carotenoids and subjects with overweight or obesity: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Yao N, Yan S, […], Cui W.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33977977/

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Am I overweight?
 

Objectives:
The evidence on the association between obesity and atrial fibrillation (AF) recurrence was equivocal. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does obesity increase risk of atrial fibrillation recurrence in patients undergoing catheter ablation?

Study design:
This review article included 20 studies with 52,771 patients.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that obesity was significantly associated with higher atrial fibrillation recurrence [OR = 1.30, 95% C = 1.16 to 1.47, p 0.001, I2 = 72.7%] and similar rate of adverse events [OR = 1.21, 95% CI = 0.87 to 1.67, p = 0.264, I2 = 23.9%] in patients undergoing catheter ablation.

The investigators found meta-regression showed that the association varied by age [coefficient = -0.03, p = 0.024].

The investigators found meta-analysis of highest versus lowest BMI showed that the highest group had higher atrial fibrillation recurrence [OR = 1.37, 95% CI = 1.18 to 1.58, p 0.001, I2 = 64.9%] and adverse events [OR = 2.02, 95% CI = 1.08 to 3.76, p = 0.028, I2 = 49.5%] in patients undergoing catheter ablation.

The investigators found the dose-response relationship for BMI and atrial fibrillation recurrence was nonlinear [p nonlinearity 0.001], the curve became steeper at 30-35 kg/m².

The investigators found for adverse events, an increase of 1% for every 1 kg/m² increase in BMI [OR = 1.01, 95% CI = 1.00 to 1.02, p = 0.001], the relationship was nonlinear [p nonlinearity = 0.001].

The investigators concluded that obesity is associated with higher atrial fibrillation recurrence in patients undergoing catheter ablation. High BMI is associated with a higher risk for adverse events.

Original title:
BMI and atrial fibrillation recurrence post catheter ablation: A dose-response meta-analysis by Pranata R, Henrina J, […], Munawar M.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33544873/

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Catheter ablation is a procedure that uses radiofrequency energy (similar to microwave heat) to destroy a small area of heart tissue that is causing rapid and irregular heartbeats. Destroying this tissue helps restore your heart’s regular rhythm. Catheter ablation is also called radiofrequency ablation.

Am I overweight?
 

Objectives:
A few randomized controlled trials (RCTs) have assessed the effect of brown rice consumption on metabolic parameters (such as, weight, height, waist circumference, fasting glucose, LDL, HDL, total cholesterol, triglycerides and blood pressure) compared to white rice, with inconsistent findings. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is the effect of brown rice on adiposity indices (such as, weight, height and waist circumference), lipid profile (such as, LDL, HDL, total cholesterol and triglycerides) and glycemic markers (such as, fasting blood glucose) higher compared to white rice in adult subjects?

Study design:
This review article included 13 RCTs.
In accordance with Grading of Recommendations Assessment, Development and Evaluation (GRADE) approach, the certainly of the included evidence was low and very low.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found brown rice significantly reduced:
weight by -1.63 kg [95% CI = -2.15 to -1.11, I2 = 97%, n = 6];
body mass index (BMI) by -0.58 kg/m² [95% CI = -0.78 to -0.37, I2 = 96%, n = 6] and;
waist circumference by -2.56 cm [95% CI = -4.86 to -0.26, I2 = 88%, n = 5] compared with white rice.

The investigators found, moreover, brown rice had no significant effect on lipid profile and glycemic markers.

The investigators found pre-germinated brown rice significantly declined:
weight by -1.75 kg [95% CI = -2.70 to -0.81, I2 = 99%, n = 4];
total cholesterol by -24.22 mg/dL [95% CI = -33.03 to -15.41, I2 = 78%, n = 5];
triglyceride (TG) by -43.28 mg/dL [95% CI = -74.05 to -12.50, I2 = 90%, n = 5];
low-density lipoprotein (LDL or bad cholesterol) by -20.05 mg/dL [95% CI = -29.57 to -10.52, I2 = 71%, n = 5] and;
fasting blood glucose (FBG) by -15.83 mg/dL [95% CI = -25.20 to -6.46, I2 = 91%, n = 5] compared to white rice.

The investigators concluded brown rice has anti-obesity effects in comparison with white rice. However, it has no beneficial effects on lipid profile and glycemic markers. Furthermore, pre-germinated brown rice has better functional effects on promoting lipid profile and fasting blood glucose compared to brown rice.

Original title:
The effect of brown rice compared to white rice on adiposity indices, lipid profile, and glycemic markers: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Golzarand M, Toolabi K, […], Mirmiran P.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33905269

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Objectives:
Several mechanisms have been proposed for the effect of vitamin E on weight loss. Yet various interventional studies with wide ranges of doses and durations have reported contradictory results. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does vitamin E supplementation reduce overweight?

Study design:
This review article included 24 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found there was no significant effect of vitamin E supplements on weight [WMD = 0.15, 95% CI = -1.35 to 1.65, p = 0.847], body mass index (BMI) [WMD = 0.04, 95% CI = -0.29 to 0.37, p = 0.815] and waist circumference (WC) [WMD = -0.19 kg, 95% CI = -2.06 to 1.68, p = 0.842], respectively.

The investigators found, however, subgroup analysis revealed that vitamin E supplementation in studies conducted on participants with normal BMI (18.5-24.9) had increasing impact on BMI [p = 0.047].  

The investigators concluded there is no significant effect of vitamin E supplementation on weight, BMI and waist circumference (WC). However, vitamin E supplementation increases BMI in participants with normal BMI (18.5-24.9).

Original title:
Can vitamin E supplementation affect obesity indices? A systematic review and meta-analysis of twenty-four randomized controlled trials by Emami MR, Jamshidi S, […], Aryaeian N.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33632535/

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Objectives:
Does tart cherry (TC) supplementation improve recovery following strenuous exercise?

Study design:
This review article included 14 studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found tart cherry supplementation had a small significant beneficial effect in reducing muscle soreness [effect size (ES) = -0.44, 95% CI = -0.87 to -0.02].

The investigators found a moderate significant beneficial effect was observed for recovery of muscular strength [ES = -0.78, 95% CI = -1.11 to -0.46] for tart cherry supplementation.

The investigators found a moderate significant effect was observed for muscular power [ES = -0.53, 95% CI = -0.77 to -0.29] for tart cherry supplementation.
A further subgroup analysis on this variable indicated a large significant effect of tart cherry supplementation on recovery of jump height [ES = -0.82, 95% CI = -1.18 to -0.45] and a small significant effect of tart cherry supplementation on sprint time [ES = -0.32, 95% CI = -0.60 to -0.04]. 

The investigators found a small significant effect was observed for both C-reactive protein [ES = -0.46, 95% CI = -0.93 to -0.00] and Interleukin-6 [ES = -0.35, 95% CI = -0.68 to -0.02] for tart cherry supplementation.

The investigators found no significant effects were observed for creatine kinase and tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) for tart cherry supplementation. 

The investigators concluded that tart cherry supplementation improves aspects of recovery from strenuous exercise.

Original title:
Tart Cherry Supplementation and Recovery From Strenuous Exercise: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Hill JA, Keane KM, […], Howatson G.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33440334/

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Objectives:
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) are deleterious fat deposits in the human body and can be effectively reduced by exercise intervention. Despite well-established exercise prescriptions are available, the effective dosage of exercise for reducing VAT requires verification. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

What is the most effective exercise dosage (modality, intensity, duration and amount) for decreasing visceral adipose tissue (VAT)?

Study design:
This review article included 32 RCTs with a total of 1,900 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that 30-60 min of high-intensity interval training, 3 times per week for 12 to 16 weeks [SMD = -0.39, 95% CI = -0.60 to -0.18] and 30-60 min of aerobic exercise of at least moderate intensity, 3 times per week for 12 to 16 weeks [SMD = -0.26, 95% CI = -0.38 to -0.13] were beneficial for reducing visceral adipose tissue.

The investigators found, by contrast, resistance exercise, aerobic exercise combined with resistance exercise and sprint interval training had no significant effects on reducing visceral adipose tissue.

The investigators found no difference in visceral adipose tissue reduction was observed between exercising more or less than 150 minutes per week.

The investigators found meta-regression revealed that the effect of visceral adipose tissue reduction was not significantly influenced by an increase in the duration of or amount of exercise in an exercise program.

The investigators concluded that 30-60 min of high-intensity interval training, 3 times per week for 12 to 16 weeks and 30-60 min of aerobic exercise of at least moderate intensity, 3 times per week for 12 to 16 weeks causally reduce visceral adipose tissue.

Original title:
Effect of exercise intervention dosage on reducing visceral adipose tissue: a systematic review and network meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Chang YH, Yang HY and Shun SC.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33558643/

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A causal relationship can be found in RCTs.

High intensity interval trainings are:
-using a stationary bike, pedal as hard and fast as possible for 30 seconds.
-after jogging to warm up, sprint as fast as you can for 15 seconds.
-perform squat jumps as quickly as possible for 30 to 90 seconds.

Objectives:
Recent systematic reviews and meta-analyses of randomized, double-blind, placebo-controlled trials (double-blind, placebo-controlled RCTs) have reported controversial findings regarding the associations between calcium supplements on the risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD). Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do calcium supplements increase risk of cardiovascular disease (CVD)?

Study design:
This review article included 13 RCTs with 28,935 participants in an intervention group (group with calcium supplements) and 14,243 in a control group (group without calcium supplements).

The mean age of the study participants was 66.3 years (range: 35 to 97 years) and 92.8% of those were women.
Publication bias was not observed.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found calcium supplements significantly increased the risk of cardiovascular disease with 15% in healthy postmenopausal women [RR = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.06 to 1.25, I2 = 0.0%, n = 14].

The investigators found calcium supplements significantly increased the risk of coronary heart disease with 16% in healthy postmenopausal women [RR = 1.16, 95% CI = 1.05 to 1.28, I2 = 0.0%, n = 9].

The investigators found in the subgroup meta-analysis, dietary calcium intake of 700-1000 mg per day or supplementary calcium intake of 1000 mg per day significantly increased the risk of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease.

The investigators concluded that the use of calcium supplements (1000 mg per day) is significantly associated with the increased risk of cardiovascular disease and coronary heart disease by 15%, specifically in postmenopausal women. These findings should be explicitly confirmed by conducting further RCTs with cardiovascular disease outcome measures as well as the incidence of osteoporosis or fractures as the primary endpoints.

Original title:
Calcium Supplements and Risk of Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials by Myung SK, Kim HB, […], Oh SW.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33530332/

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Objectives:
Vitamin D deficiency during pregnancy or infancy is associated with adverse growth in children. No systematic review has been conducted to summarize available evidence on the effect of vitamin D supplementation in pregnancy and infancy on growth and body composition in children. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy or infancy increase adiposity (severe or morbid overweight) risk in childhood?

Study design:
This review article included 12 RCTs with a total of 4,583 participants.
The doses of vitamin D in the intervention group (group with vitamin D supplements) were 60,000 IU/4 weeks (1,500 mcg/4 weeks) or 60,000 IU/8 weeks and in the control group (group without vitamin D supplements) was 400 IU/day.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy was associated with higher triceps skinfold thickness (mm) [MD = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.12 to 0.54, I2 = 34%] in neonates.

The investigators found vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy or infancy was associated with significantly increased length for age z-score in infants at 1 year of age [MD = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.03 to 0.54, I2 = 0%].

The investigators found vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy or infancy was associated with lower body mass index (BMI) (kg/m²) [MD = -0.19, 95% CI = -0.34 to -0.04, I2 = 0%] and body mass index z-score (BMIZ) [MD = -0.12, 95% CI = -0.21 to -0.04, I2 = 0%] in offspring at 3-6 years of age.

The investigators found vitamin D supplementation during early life was not observed to be associated with children’s bone, lean or fat mass.

The investigators concluded vitamin D supplementation during pregnancy or infancy is associated with reduced adiposity (severe or morbid overweight) in childhood. Future large well-designed double blinded RCTs are needed to assess the effectiveness of vitamin D supplementation in early life on children’s bone health, lean mass and adiposity.

Original title:
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation in Early Life on Children's Growth and Body Composition: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Ma K, Wei SQ, [...], Wen SW.

Link:
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/13/2/524/htm

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