Nutrition and health

Objectives:
Vitamin B12 deficiency in pregnancy is prevalent and has been associated with both lower birth weight (birth weight 2,500 g) and preterm birth (length of gestation 37 weeks). Nevertheless, current evidence is contradictory. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Is there an association between maternal serum or plasma vitamin B12 concentrations in pregnancy and offspring birth weight and length of gestation?

Study design:
This review article included 18 studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a non-linear association between maternal vitamin B12 levels in pregnancy and birth weight.

The investigators found vitamin B12 deficiency (148 pmol/L) was significantly associated with a 15% higher risk for low birth weight in newborns [adjusted risk ratio = 1.15, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.31].

The investigators found for each 1-standard-deviation increase in maternal levels of vitamin B12 a significant reduced risk of 11% for preterm birth [adjusted risk ratio = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.82 to 0.97].

The investigators found vitamin B12 deficiency (148 pmol/L) was non-significantly associated with a 21% higher risk for preterm birth [adjusted risk ratio = 1.21, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.49].

The investigators concluded a maternal vitamin B12 deficiency (148 pmol/L) was associated with a higher risk for low birth weight in newborns. Therefore, this finding supports the need for randomized controlled trials of vitamin B12 supplementation in pregnancy.

Original title:
Associations of Maternal Vitamin B12 Concentration in Pregnancy With the Risks of Preterm Birth and Low Birth Weight: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Individual Participant Data by Rogne T, Tielemans MJ, [...], Risnes KR.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28108470

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about vitamin B12 and pregnancy.

Objectives:
Arthritis patients often take fish oil supplements to alleviate symptoms, but limited evidence exists regarding their efficacy. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Do taking marine oil supplements alleviate pain in arthritis patients?

Study design:
This review article included 42 randomized trials; 30 trials reported complete data on pain.

The trials used treatment durations from 2 weeks to 18 months, with doses of EPA from 0.013 to 4.050 g/day and doses of DHA from 0.010 to 2.700 g/day.
Most trials used marine oil from whole fish, but some used cod liver oil, mussel extracts, seal oil and krill oil.

The trials included 2751 patients with a mean age of 53.8 years (range of mean age of 10-68 years) and the mean disease duration was 9.7 years (range 2.3-19.0 years).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a favorable effect [SMD = -0.24, 95% CI = -0.42 to -0.07, I2 = 63%] for using marine oil supplements.

The investigators found in 22 trials a significant effect in patients with rheumatoid arthritis [SMD = -0.21, 95% CI = -0.42 to -0.004] for using marine oil supplements.

The investigators also found in 3 trials a significant effect for other or mixed diagnoses [SMD = -0.63, 95% CI = -1.20 to -0.06] for using marine oil supplements, but no significant effect was found in osteoarthritis patients [5 trials: SMD = -0.17, 95% CI = -0.57 to 0.24].

The investigators found a significant, beneficial effect on pain for marine oil with an EPA/DHA ratio >1.5.

The investigators found a significant positive association between SMD and total dose of EPA and DHA [slope β, 0.13 (g/day), 95% CI = 0.04 to 0.22, p = 0.006], indicating less effect at higher dose, but there was no duration-response relationship [p = 0.568].

The investigators concluded using marine oil supplements (with an EPA/DHA ratio >1.5) alleviates pain in rheumatoid arthritis patients.

Original title:
Marine Oil Supplements for Arthritis Pain: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Trials by Senftleber NK, Nielsen SM, […], Christensen R.

Link:
http://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/9/1/42/htm

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about EPA&DHA and chronic diseases.

Objectives:
The role of vitamin D status in the etiology of allergic diseases is uncertain. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Study design:
This review article included a total of 21 observational studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found children with serum 25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/L had significantly reduced odds of aeroallergen sensitization, but neither vitamin D intake during pregnancy nor vitamin D supplementation in infancy were associated with risk of allergic rhinitis.

The investigators found compared to those with serum 25(OH)D 50 nmol/L, individuals with serum 25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/L had a significant decreased risk of 29% [OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.56-0.89, p = 0.04] for allergic rhinitis.
However, this association was mainly observed in adult men; prevalence of allergic rhinitis (AR) was lower in men with serum 25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/L compared to men with serum 25(OH)D 50 nmol/L, while this association was not observed in women.

The investigators concluded serum 25(OH)D ≥75 nmol/L reduced odds of aeroallergen sensitization in children and risk of allergic rhinitis in men.

Original title:
Vitamin D status, aeroallergen sensitization, and allergic rhinitis: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Aryan Z, Rezaei N and Camargo CA Jr.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28102718

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about vitamin D and chronic diseases.

Objectives:
Data on the longitudinal association of walking pace with the risk of cognitive decline and dementia are inconsistent and inconclusive. Therefore, this meta-analysis (review) of prospective cohort studies has been conducted.

Does walking pace reduce risk of cognitive decline or dementia in elderly populations?

Study design:
This review article included 17 prospective cohort studies, including 10 studies reporting the RR of cognitive decline (9,949 participants and 2,547 events) and 10 presenting the RR of dementia (14,140 participants and 1,903 events).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found for the lowest comparing to the highest category of walking pace, a significant increased risk of 89% [pooled RR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.54-2.31] for cognitive decline in elderly populations.

The investigators found for the lowest comparing to the highest category of walking pace, a significant increased risk of 66% [pooled RR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.43-1.92] for dementia in elderly populations.

The investigators found with every 1 dm/s (360 m/h) decrement in walking pace, the risk of dementia was significantly increased by 13% [RR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.08-1.18].

The investigators concluded that slow or decreased walking pace is associated with elevated risk of cognitive decline and dementia in elderly populations.

Original title:
Walking Pace and the Risk of Cognitive Decline and Dementia in Elderly Populations: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies by Quan M, Xun P, [...], He K.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27927757

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about elderly and sport nutrition.

According to WHO in order to improve cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, bone and functional health, reduce the risk of NCDs, depression and cognitive decline:

• Older adults (aged 65 and above) should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or do at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity.
• Aerobic activity should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes duration.
• For additional health benefits, older adults should increase their moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes per week, or engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate-and vigorous-intensity activity.
• Older adults, with poor mobility, should perform physical activity to enhance balance and prevent falls on 3 or more days per week.
• Muscle-strengthening activities, involving major muscle groups, should be done on 2 or more days a week.
• When older adults cannot do the recommended amounts of physical activity due to health conditions, they should be as physically active as their abilities and conditions allow.

Objectives:
Do consuming tomato products and lycopene supplementation reduce cardiovascular risk among adult subjects >18 years of age?

Study design:
This review article included 21 studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found consuming tomato was associated with a significant reduction of 0.22 mmol/L in LDL-cholesterol [p = 0.006]. Significant means, there is an association at a 95% confidence.

The investigators found consuming tomato was associated with a significant reduction of 0.25 in plasma IL-6 concentration [p = 0.03].

The investigators found consuming tomato was associated with a significant improvement of 2.53% in flow-mediated dilation (FMD) [p = 0.01].

The investigators found lycopene supplementation reduced systolic blood pressure with 5.66 mmHg [p = 0.002].

The investigators found no other outcome was significantly affected by these interventions.

The investigators concluded consuming tomato products and lycopene supplementation had positive effects on blood lipids, blood pressure and endothelial function. These results support the development of promising individualised nutritional strategies involving tomatoes to tackle cardiovascular diseases.

Original title:
Tomato and lycopene supplementation and cardiovascular risk factors: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Cheng HM, Koutsidis G, […], Lara J.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28129549

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about vegetable consumption, carotenoids and cardiovascular diseases.

Impaired endothelial function is an early indicator of atherosclerosis. Endothelial function is often quantified by flow-mediated dilation (FMD), which represents the endothelium-dependent relaxation of a conduit artery-typically the brachial artery - due to an increased blood flow. Flow-mediated dilation (FMD) is endothelium-dependent and can be assessed by ultrasound in the brachial artery.