Nutritional advice

Objectives:
There appears to be a sex-specific association between obesity and colorectal neoplasia in patients with Lynch Syndrome (LS). Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does obesity (BMI>30) increase colorectal cancer in patients with Lynch Syndrome?

Study design:
This review article included 3 prospective cohort studies with 2,463 subjects (persons), of which 735 subjects with colorectal cancer.

All studies with a prospective study design (cohort studies) expressed the association between obesity and colorectal cancer in terms of adjusted HR (95% CI).

There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a twofold risk of colorectal cancer in obese men with Lynch Syndrome compared to nonobese men with Lynch Syndrome [SRR = 2.09, 95% CI = 1.23 to 3.55, I2 = 33%].  
No significantly increased risk due to obesity was found for women [SRR = 1.41, 95% CI = 0.46 to 4.27, I2 = 68%].  

The investigators found a significantly 49% increased colorectal cancer risk for obesity (BMI>30) for subjects with an MLH1 mutation [SRR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.11 to 1.99, I2 = 0%].

The investigators concluded that obesity (BMI>30) increases colorectal cancer in men with Lynch Syndrome, particularly with an MLH1 mutation.

Original title:
A Meta-Analysis of Obesity and Risk of Colorectal Cancer in Patients with Lynch Syndrome: The Impact of Sex and Genetics by Lazzeroni M, Bellerba F, […], Gandini S.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8160758

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on cancer and obesity/overweight right here.

Lynch syndrome, also known as hereditary non-polyposis colorectal cancer (HNPCC), is an autosomal dominantly inherited disease. People with Lynch syndrome have about a 40% to 80% chance of getting colorectal cancer by age 70. They’re also at risk for cancer of the uterus, ovaries or stomach. And they tend to get cancer at younger ages than other people, often in their 30s and 40s.

An error or mutation, in one copy of the MLH1 gene is one of the causes of Lynch syndrome. Men and women with a mutation in MLH1 have a 52-82% lifetime risk (up to age 70) to develop colon or rectal cancer.
 

Objectives:
Do critically ill patients benefit of thiamine (vitamin B1) supplementation?

Study design:
This review article included 8 RCTs and 10 cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in the analysis of RCTs, that thiamine supplementation showed a significantly 42% lower odds of developing ICU delirium [OR = 0.58, 95% CI = 0.34 to 0.98].

The investigators found a reduction in mortaliy was observed on performing fixed effect model analysis. However, a level of statistical significance could not be reached on performing randon effect model analysis [OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.59 to 1.04].

The investigators found in subgroup analysis of 13 studies in patients with sepsis, there was no difference in mortality between the 2 groups [OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.63 to 1.09].

The investigators concluded thiamine (vitamin B1) supplementation in critically ill patients shows a reduction in the incidence of ICU delirium among RCTs. However, there is no significant benefit in terms of overall mortality and mortality in patients with sepsis. Further, large scale randomized prospective studies are warranted to investigate the role of thiamine supplementation in critically ill patients.

Original title:
Effect of thiamine supplementation in critically ill patients: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Sedhai YR, Shrestha DB, […], Kashiouris MG.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34118501/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on vitamin B1 right here.

Intensive Care Unit (ICU) delirium is a nonspecific, potentially preventable and often reversible disorder of impaired cognition, which results from various causes in ICU patients. The term “delirium”is derived from the Latin word “delirare” which literally means “to go out of the furrow” or figuratively “crazy or deranged”.
 

Objectives:
Does calcium reduce the risk of incidence and recurrence of colorectal adenomas and advanced adenomas?

Study design:
This review article included 37 relevant clinical trials and observational studies involving over 10,964 cases.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that calcium consumption significantly reduced the risk of colorectal adenomas incidence by 8% [RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.89 to 0.96].

The investigators found that calcium intake as a food significantly reduced the risk of colorectal adenomas incidence by 21% [RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.72 to 0.86].

The investigators found that calcium intake as dairy product significantly reduced the risk of colorectal adenomas incidence by 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.78 to 0.98].

The investigators found, however, calcium supplements did not show a significant effect on colorectal adenomas incidence [RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.89 to 1.05].

The investigators found that total calcium intake significantly reduced the risk of advanced colorectal adenomas incidence by 21% [RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.73 to 0.85].

The investigators found that total calcium intake significantly reduced the risk of recurrence of adenomas by 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.93].

The investigators concluded that natural sources of calcium such as dairy products and foods have more effective role than supplementary calcium in terms of reducing the risk of incidence and recurrence of colorectal adenomas and advanced adenomas.

Original title:
Calcium and dairy products in the chemoprevention of colorectal adenomas: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Emami MH, Salehi M, […], Maghool F.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33951958/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on calcium, dairy products and colorectal cancer right here.

The colorectal adenoma is a benign glandular tumor of the colon and the rectum. It is a precursor lesion of the colorectal adenocarcinoma (colon cancer).

Objectives:
What are the risk factors of leprosy in contacts?

Study design:
This review article included 23 cohort studies and 1 cross-sectional study.
Most of the studies had been conducted in Brazil and India.
The follow-up period ranged from 1 to 20 years and the publication covered the period from 1991 to 2019.
The sample ranged from 68 to 28,092 participants.
19 cohorts (79%) scored ≥ 7, indicating a low risk of bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found illiteracy significantly increased risk of leprosy in contacts with 48% [RR = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.22 to 1.79].

The investigators found living in the same house significantly increased risk of leprosy in contacts with 141% [RR = 2.41, 95% CI = 1.87 to 3.10].

The investigators found leprosy with high bacillary load significantly increased risk of leprosy in contacts with 140% [RR = 2.40, 95% CI = 1.69 to 3.41].

The investigators found seropositivity to the Mycobacterium leprae PGL-1 (phenolic glycolipid-1) antigen significantly increased risk of leprosy in contacts with 254% [RR = 3.54, 95% CI = 2.21 to 5.67].

The investigators found presence of the bacillus in the bloodstream significantly increased risk of leprosy in contacts with 10.61-fold [RR = 10.61, 95% CI = 4.74 to 23.77].

The investigators found negative Mitsuda reaction significantly increased risk of leprosy in contacts with 2.68-fold [RR = 2.68, 95% CI = 1.76 to 4.07].

The investigators found immunization with BCG (bacillus Calmette-Guérin) vaccine had a protective effect against leprosy.

The investigators concluded that young and adults, who live with patients in crowded households, have lower income and low education have a higher risk of leprosy in contacts. The meta-analysis confirms the greatest risk for illiterate contacts.

Original title:
Factors associated with the development of leprosy in contacts: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Niitsuma ENA, de Caux Bueno I, […], Lana CF.

Link:
https://www.scielo.br/j/rbepid/a/6yRXLPSd7gnJ7RTFqJ5mqTb/?lang=en

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on RCTs/cohort/significantly/review article, vaccination and food fortification/malnutrition right here.
 

Objectives:
Do vegetarians and vegans have a lower bone mineral density than omnivores?

Study design:
This review article included 17 cross-sectional studies with a total of 13,888 patients.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found the pooled results indicated, those on plant-based diets exhibited a lower bone mineral density at the lumbar spine [MD = -0.04, 95% CI = -0.06 to -0.02, p < 0.0001] and femoral neck [MD = -0.04, 95% CI = -0.05 to -0.02, p < 0.00001] and a reduced whole-body bone mineral density [MD = -0.03, 95% CI = -0.06 to -0.01, p = 0.0009], compared to omnivores.

The investigators found both vegetarians and vegans exhibited lower lumbar spine, femoral neck and whole-body bone mineral density than omnivores.

The investigators concluded both vegetarians and vegans have a lower lumbar spine, femoral neck and whole-body bone mineral density than omnivores.

Original title:
Comparison of human bone mineral densities in subjects on plant-based and omnivorous diets: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Li  T, Li  Y and Wu S.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34145511/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on plant-based diet right here.

Objectives:
The efficacy and safety of L‐arginine supplements and their effect on maximal oxygen uptake (VO2 max) remained unclear. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does supplementation with arginine increase VO2 max in healthy people?

Study design:
This review article included 11 RCTs.
The different types of arginine supplements were L‐arginine, arginine aspartate, arginine alpha‐ketoglutarate and arginine in combination with antioxidants.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found subgroup analysis showed that arginine in the form of L‐arginine significantly increased VO2 max compared to the other forms [weighted mean difference = 0.11 L/min, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.485].

The investigators concluded that supplementation with L‐arginine alone increases VO2 max compared to the other types of arginine or combined with other metabolites or supplements. Future homogeneous and well‐designed randomized clinical trials are needed to a deep understand of the effects of L‐arginine on VO2 max in healthy human subjects.

Original title:
The effect of L-arginine supplementation on maximal oxygen uptake: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Rezaei S, Gholamalizadeh M, […], Doaei S.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7883807/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies on protein and sport nutrition. 

VO2 max is the maximum amount of oxygen your body can utilize during exercise. The more oxygen your body can use, the more your muscles can work.

Objectives:
Seventeen per cent of the world's population is estimated to be at risk of inadequate zinc intake, which could in part be addressed by zinc fortification of widely consumed foods. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does zinc fortification (postharvest fortification of an industrially produced food or beverage) alone or with multiple micronutrients (MMN) have positive effects on health outcomes?

Study design:
This review article included 54 observational studies with 73 comparisons.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found zinc fortification with and without multiple micronutrients significantly increased plasma zinc concentrations [efficacy: 4.68 μg/dL, 95% CI = 2.62 to 6.75, n = 27 and effectiveness: 6.28 μg/dL, 95% CI = 5.03 to 7.77 μg/dL, n = 13].

The investigators found zinc fortification with and without multiple micronutrients significantly reduced the prevalence of zinc deficiency [efficacy: OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.60 to 0.96, n = 11 and effectiveness: OR = 0.45, 95% CI = 0.31 to 0.64, n = 10]. 

The investigators found there were statistically significant increases in child weight [efficacy: 0.43 kg, 95% CI = 0.11 to 0.75 kg, n = 11], improvements in short-term auditory memory [efficacy = 0.32 point, 95% CI = 0.13 to 0.50 point, n = 3] and decreased incidence of diarrhea [efficacy: RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.68 to 0.92, n = 3] and fever [efficacy: RR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.74 to 0.97, n = 2].
However, these effects cannot be solely attributed to zinc.

The investigators concluded that zinc fortification with multiple micronutrients increases child weight, improves short-term auditory memory and decreases incidence of diarrhea and fever.

Original title:
Effects of Foods Fortified with Zinc, Alone or Cofortified with Multiple Micronutrients, on Health and Functional Outcomes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Tsang BL, Holsted E, […], Manger MS.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34167148/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on RCTs/cohort/significantly/review article, zinc and food fortification/malnutrition right here.

 

Objectives:
Apart from ruminant fat, trans fatty acids are produced during the partial hydrogenation of vegetable oils, (eg, in the production of ultraprocessed foods). Harmful cardiovascular effects of trans fatty acids are already proven, but the link with cancer risk has not yet been summarized. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does high consumption of dietary trans fat increase risk of cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 17 cohort and case-control studies on breast cancer, 11 cohort and case-control studies on prostate cancer and 9 cohort and case-control studies on colorectal cancer.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that high consumption of dietary total trans fat significantly increased prostate cancer with 49% [OR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.95].
Significantly means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found that high consumption of dietary total trans fat significantly increased colorectal cancer with 26% [OR = 1.26, 95% CI = 1.08 to 1.46].
Significant because OR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 1.08 to 1.46. OR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found no association between high consumption of dietary total trans fat and the risk of breast cancer [OR = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.26].
No association ant because OR of 1 was found in the 95% CI of 0.99 to 1.26. OR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found results were dependent on the fatty acid subtype, with even cancer-protective associations for some partially hydrogenated vegetable oils.

The investigators found enhancing moderators in the positive transfat-cancer relation were gender (direction was cancer-site specific), European ancestry, menopause, older age and overweight.

The investigators concluded that high consumption of dietary total trans fat increases prostate cancer and colorectal cancer. Future studies need methodological improvements (eg, using long-term follow-up cancer data and intake biomarkers). Owing to the lack of studies testing trans-fatty acid subtypes in standardized ways, it is not clear which subtypes (eg, ruminant sources) are more carcinogenic.

Original title:
Dietary trans-fatty acid intake in relation to cancer risk: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Michels N, Specht IO and Huybrechts I.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34104953/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on trans fat, breast cancer and colorectal cancer right here.

A diet high in trans fat is a diet with more than 1 En% trans fat.

Trans fat can be found in doughnuts, cakes, pie crusts, biscuits, frozen pizza, cookies, crackers and stick margarines and other spreads.

Objectives:
Does prenatal alcohol exposure have adverse effects on pregnancy and birth outcomes?

Study design:
This review article included 33 studies.
The quality assessment identified that 61% of studies were high quality, 30% were average quality and 9% were low quality.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that prenatal alcohol exposure significantly increased the likelihood of placental abruption with 48% [odds ratio = 1.48, 95% CI = 1.37 to 1.60].

The investigators found no association between prenatal alcohol exposure and placenta previa [odds ratio = 1.14, 95% CI = 0.84 to 1.34].

The investigators found that prenatal alcohol exposure significantly reduced placental weight with 51g [95% CI = -82.8g to -19.3g].

The investigators found reports of altered placental vasculature, placental DNA methylation, and gene expression following prenatal alcohol exposure.

The investigators concluded prenatal alcohol exposure increases the likelihood of placental abruption and is associated with decreased placental weight, altered placental vasculature, DNA methylation and molecular pathways. Given the critical role of the placenta in determining pregnancy outcomes, further studies investigating the molecular mechanisms underlying alcohol-induced placental dysfunction are required. Sex-specific placental adaptations to adverse conditions in utero have been well documented; thus, future studies should examine prenatal alcohol exposure-associated placental outcomes separately by sex.

Original title:
Prenatal alcohol consumption and placental outcomes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical studies by Steane SE, Young SL, […], Moritz KM.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34181895/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on review article/meta-analysis/significantly, alcohol and pregnancy right here.
 

Objectives:
Is an increased homocysteine (Hcy) level an independent predictor of unfavorable outcomes in acute ischemic stroke (AIS)?

Study design:
This review article included 17 cohort studies (4 of them were retrospective studies and the remaining 13 were prospective studies) with 15,636 patients with acute ischemic stroke.

There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found the patients with acute ischemic stroke group had significantly higher levels of homocysteine than the control group [SMD = 5.11, 95% CI = 1.87 to 8.35, p = 0.002].
The results of subgroup analyses on ethnicity showed that the associations were statistically significant in both Caucasian and Asian patients [Caucasian: OR = 3.56, 95% CI = 2.54 to 4.98, p 0.00001, I2 = 20% and Asian: HR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.19 to 1.63, p 0.00001, I2 = 86%], but not in African patients [OR = 1.04, 95% CI = 0.99 to 1.10, p = 0.11].

The investigators found, moreover, high homocysteine levels were closely associated with gender, B12 deficiency, smoking and patients who received tissue plasminogen activator treatment.
However, no significant difference was found between increased homocysteine levels and age, drinking, hypertension, diabetes mellitus and hyperlipidemia.

The investigators found, in addition, the cut-off value (20.0 μmol/L) might be an optimum cut-off index for acute ischemic stroke patients in clinical practice.

The investigators concluded that the homocysteine level may serve as an independent predictor for unfavorable survival outcomes in acute ischemic stroke patients, particularly in Caucasian and Asian acute ischemic stroke patients. Further studies can be conducted to clarify this relationship.

Original title:
The Prognostic Value of Homocysteine in Acute Ischemic Stroke Patients: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Huang S, Cai J and Tian Y.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7907516/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on cardiovascular disease right here.

Objectives:
Diets with high glycemic index (GI) or high glycemic load (GL) have been linked to important risk factors associated with the development of metabolic syndrome (MetS), such as dyslipidemia, higher blood glucose and insulin concentrations. However, the role of GI and GL in relation to metabolic syndrome is still understudied and controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does high dietary GI or GL increase risk of metabolic syndrome?

Study design:
This review article included 1 cohort study and 11 cross-sectional studies with a total sample size of 36,295 subjects.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found, the pooled effect sizes from the 9 studies indicated high versus low dietary GI was significantly associated with increased risk of 5% for metabolic syndrome [OR = 1.05, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.09, I2 = 58.1%, p = 0.004].
This finding was supported by all subgroup analyses except where studies used 24-h recalls for dietary assessment.

The investigators found, additionally, a linear dose-response investigation revealed that each 5-point increment in GI was associated with 2% increase in the risk of metabolic syndrome [OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 1.01 to 1.02].
Howver, non-linear pattern was insignificant [p-nonlinearity = 0.63].

The investigators found, moreover, pooled effect sizes from 10 studies suggested that no association was found between the GL and metabolic syndrome with results remaining consistent in all subgroup analyses.

The investigators concluded that high dietary GI increases risk of metabolic syndrome. Nutrition policy and clinical practices should encourage a diet with low GI. Future studies should include both GI and GL and different criteria of metabolic syndrome to provide a better comparison.

Original title:
Glycemic index, but not glycemic load, is associated with an increased risk of metabolic syndrome: Meta-analysis of observational studies by Askari M, Dehghani A, […], Alizadeh S.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33928722/

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Find more information/studies on GI and overweight right here.

A diet with low GI is a diet with GI of 55 or lower.

Objectives:
Low- and middle-income countries (LMICs) are currently experiencing increasing cardiovascular disease (CVD) rates. Green leafy vegetables (GLV), which are abundant in these countries, are known to be particularly rich in cardioprotective nutrients. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does green leafy vegetables consumption reduce cardiovascular disease?

Study design:
This review article included 17 cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found green leafy vegetables consumption significantly reduced incident cardiovascular disease events with 7% [pooled RR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.92 to 0.95].

The investigators found in subgroup analyses that green leafy vegetables consumption significantly reduced incident cerebral infarction with 8% [RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.88 to 0.96].

The investigators found in subgroup analyses that green leafy vegetables consumption significantly reduced heart disease with 7% [RR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.87 to 0.99].

The investigators found in subgroup analyses that green leafy vegetables consumption significantly reduced other cardiovascular disease events with 5% [RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.93 to 0.98].

The investigators concluded that green leafy vegetables consumption reduces incident cardiovascular disease, particularly incident cerebral infarction and heart disease. These findings are especially important in low- and middle-income countries where the burden of cardiovascular disease remains high.

Original title:
Dietary intakes of green leafy vegetables and incidence of cardiovascular diseases by Ojagbemi A, Okekunle AP, […], Owolabi M.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34128951/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on vegetable consumption and cardiovascular disease right here.

The green leafy vegetables are:

arugula
beet greens
bok choy
cabbage
collard greens
endive
kale
microgreens
romaine lettuce
spinach
swiss chard
turnip greens
watercress

Objectives:
The efficacy of soy diet for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease remains controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does soy supplementation have positive effects on nonalcoholic fatty liver disease?

Study design:
This review article included 5 RCTs.
All of 5 RCTs have a relatively small sample size (n 100).

Jadad scores of the 5 included studies vary from 3 to 5 and all 5 studies were considered to be high-quality ones according to quality assessment.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found, overall, compared with control group for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, soy supplementation is associated with significantly reduced HOMA-IR [SMD = -0.42, 95% CI = -0.76 to -0.08, p = 0.01], increased insulin [SMD = -0.64, 95% CI = -0.98 to -0.30, p = 0.0002] and decreased malondialdehyde [SMD = -0.43, 95% CI = -0.74 to -0.13, p = 0.005].

The investigators found, however, compared with control group for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease, soy supplementation demonstrated no substantial impact on body mass index [SMD = 0.17, 95% CI = -0.20 to 0.53, p = 0.37), alanine aminotransferase [SMD = -0.01, 95% CI = -0.61 to 0.60, p = 0.98), aspartate-aminotransferase [SMD = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.47 to 0.49, p = 0.97], total cholesterol [SMD = 0.05, 95% CI = -0.25 to 0.35, p = 0.73] or low density lipoprotein cholesterol (bad cholesterol) [SMD = 0, 95% CI = -0.30 to 0.30, p = 0.99].

The investigators concluded that soy supplementation improves insulin resistance for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease.

Original title:
Soy diet for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Xiong P and Zhu YF.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8183754/

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Find here more information/studies about review article/significant and soy.

Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is an umbrella term for a range of liver conditions affecting people who drink little to no alcohol. Non-alcoholic fatty liver disease is a disorder, caused by a build-up of fat in the liver.
 

Objectives:
Despite the widespread increase in the incidence of early-onset colorectal cancer (EoCRC), the reasons for this increase remain unclear. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

What are the risk factors of early-onset colorectal cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 20 studies.

With the exception of alcohol consumption, there was considerable heterogeneity among studies [I2 > 60%].

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found colorectal cancer history in a first-degree relative was significantly associated with a 4.21-fold enhanced risk of early-onset colorectal cancer [RR = 4.21, 95% CI = 2.61 to 6.79].

The investigators found hyperlipidemia significantly increased risk of early-onset colorectal cancer with 62% [RR = 1.62, 95% CI = 1.22 to 2.13].

The investigators found obesity (BMI>30) significantly increased risk of of early-onset colorectal cancer with 54% [RR = 1.54, 95% CI = 1.01 to 2.35].

The investigators found compared to non-drinkers, high alcohol consumption significantly increased risk of of early-onset colorectal cancer with 71% [RR = 1.71, 95% CI = 1.62 to 1.80].

The investigators concluded that colorectal cancer history in a first-degree relative, hyperlipidemia (a high level of lipids (fats, cholesterol and triglycerides) circulating in the blood), obesity and high alcohol consumption are risk factors of early-onset colorectal cancer. High-quality studies conducted on generalizable populations and that comprehensively examine risk factors for early-onset colorectal cancer are required to inform primary and secondary prevention strategies.

Original title:
Risk Factors for Early-Onset Colorectal Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis by O'Sullivan DE, Sutherland RL, […], Brenner DR.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33524598/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on obesity, alcohol consumption and colorectal cancer right here.

Early-onset colorectal cancer is colorectal cancer diagnosed in a patient younger than age 50.

 

Objectives:
Is hypertension a risk factor in adults with cerebral palsy?

Study design:
This review article included data from 11 international cohort studies representing 444 adults with cerebral palsy [median (IQR) age of the sample was 29.0 (23.0-38.0), 51% men, 89% spastic type, Gross Motor Function Classification System levels I-V].

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found overall mean systolic blood pressure was 124.9 mmHg [95% CI = 121.7 to 128.1] and overall mean diastolic blood pressure was 79.9 mmHg [95% CI = 77.2 to 82.5].

The investigators found overall prevalence of hypertension was 28.7% [95% CI = 18.8 to 39.8%].

The investigators found subgroup analysis indicated higher blood pressure levels or higher prevalence of hypertension in adults with cerebral palsy above 40 years of age, men, those with spastic cerebral palsy or those who lived in Africa.

The investigators concluded that the findings in this review article underscore the importance of clinical screening for blood pressure in individuals with cerebral palsy beginning in young adulthood.

Original title:
Blood pressure in adults with cerebral palsy: a systematic review and meta-analysis of individual participant data by Noten S, van den Berg-Emons RJG, [...], Van Der Slot WMA.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34102658/

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Find more information/studies on lowering blood pressure and cardiovascular disease right here.

Cerebral palsy (CP) is a group of disorders that affect a person's ability to move and maintain balance and posture. Cerebral palsy is the most common motor disability in children.
 

Objectives:
Does spirulina supplementation improve glycemic related markers (like, fasting blood glucose, post prandial blood sugar and HbA1c levels) and lipid profile (like, triglyceride and cholesterol levels) among type 2 diabetes patients?

Study design:
This review article included 8 RCTs (9 arms).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found, spirulina supplementation significantly reduced fasting blood glucose levels [-17.88 mg/dL, 95% CI = -26.99 to -8.78, I2 = 25%] among type 2 diabetes patients.

The investigators found, spirulina supplementation significantly reduced triglyceride levels [-30.99 mg/dL, 95% CI = -45.20 to -16.77, I2 = 50%] among type 2 diabetes patients.

The investigators found, spirulina supplementation significantly reduced total cholesterol levels [-18.47 mg/dL, 95% CI = -33.54 to -3.39, I2 = 73%] among type 2 diabetes patients.

The investigators found, spirulina supplementation significantly reduced LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) levels [-20.04 mg/dL, 95% CI = -34.06 to -6.02, I2 = 75%] among type 2 diabetes patients.

The investigators found, spirulina supplementation significantly reduced VLDL cholesterol levels [-6.96 mg/dL, 95% CI = -9.71 to -4.22, I2 = 33%] among type 2 diabetes patients.

The investigators found, spirulina supplementation significantly increased HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol) levels among type 2 diabetes patients.

The investigators found no significant effect on HbA1C or post prandial blood sugar among type 2 diabetes patients following spirulina supplementation.

The investigators concluded that spirulina supplementation has beneficial effects on fasting blood glucose and blood lipid profiles among type 2 diabetes patients.

Original title:
The effect of spirulina on type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Hatami E, Ghalishourani SS, […], Mansour-Ghanaei F.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34178867/

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Objectives:
Does guarana supplementation reduce cancer-related fatigue?

Study design:
This review article included 7 RCTs with a total of 427 cancer patients.
Some studies presented a low risk of bias for all the categories.
Meta-analysis was conducted for 3 studies about breast cancer, which presented sufficient data.

The instruments used to analyze fatigue were the Brief Fatigue Inventory (BFI), the Chalder Fatigue Scale, the Functional Assessment of Chronic Illness Therapy-Fatigue (FACIT-FATIGUE) and the Piper Scale.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found guarana supplementation did not reduce cancer-related fatigue compared with placebo groups [mean = -0.02, 95% CI = -1.54 to 1.50, p = 0.98] and the quality of evidence according to GRADE was very low.

The investigators concluded that guarana supplementation did not reduce cancer-related fatigue. However, further studies with better methodological quality are needed.

Original title:
The use of guarana (Paullinia cupana) as a dietary supplement for fatigue in cancer patients: a systematic review with a meta-analysis by de Araujo DP, Pereira PTVM, […], Garcia JBS.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34146166/

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Objectives:
Undernutrition, defined as stunting, wasting and underweight, still implicates millions of infants and children worldwide. Micronutrients have pivotal effects on growth rate. The outcomes of vitamin D deficiency on undernutrition indices have stayed controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does a low vitamin D status/level increase risk of wasting, stunting and underweight in children?

Study design:
This review article included 7 observational studies (4 cohorts and 3 cross-sectional) with a total number of 7,624 children, some of who were stunted (n = 1,349), wasted (n = 505) and underweight (n = 417).

Evidence of publication bias was not recognized in both the egger test and funnel plot for wasting [p = 0.93], stunting [p = 0.20] and underweight [p = 0.97].

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that low vs. high serum level of vitamin D was directly significantly associated with a 30% higher risk of wasting [Summary Risk Estimate = 1.30, 95% CI =1.04 to 1.62, I2 = 0%].
However, there is no significant association between vitamin status and risk of stunting [Summary Risk Estimate = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.72 to 1.70, I2 = 81.6%] and underweight [Summary Risk Estimate = 1.12, 95% CI = 0.81 to 1.56, I2 = 49.2%].

The investigators found, according to the sensitivity analysis test results, any studies could not significantly influence summary risk regarding the association of low vs. high serum concentrations of vitamin D and risk of wasting, stunting and underweight.

The investigators concluded that when comparing low and high serum vitamin D concentration categories, there is an inverse link between vitamin D status and wasting, but no relationship with stunting as well as underweight. These findings propose that strategies to enhance vitamin D status in children by food fortification or supplementation could help the Ministry of Health's efforts to decrease undernutrition, especially wasting.

Original title:
Association Between Vitamin D Status and Undernutrition Indices in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies by Song C, Sun H, […],Lu H.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8211725/

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Objectives:
Systemic inflammation and oxidative stress (OS) are associated with breast cancer. Coenzyme Q10 (CoQ10) as an adjuvant treatment with conventional anti-cancer chemotherapy has been demonstrated to help in the inflammatory process and oxidative stress. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduce levels of inflammatory markers, oxidative stress parameters and matrix metalloproteinases/tissue inhibitor of metalloproteinases (MMPs/TIMPs) in patients with breast cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 9 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that coenzyme Q10 supplementation (100 mg/day for 45-90 days) significantly decreased the levels of
-vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) [SMD = -1.88, 95% CI = -2. 62 to -1.13, I2 = 93.1%, p 0.001];
-IL-8 [SMD = -2.24, 95% CI = -2.68 to -1.8, I2 = 79.6%, p = 0.001];
-matrix metalloproteinase-2 (MMP-2) [SMD = -1.49, 95% CI = -1.85 to -1.14, I2 = 76.3%, p = 0.005] and
-matrix metalloproteinase-9 (MMP-9) [SMD = -1.58, 95% CI = -1.97 to -1.19, I2 = 79.6%, p = 0.002].

The investigators concluded that 100 mg/day coenzyme Q10 supplementation for 45-90 days reduces some of the important markers of inflammation and matrix metalloproteinases in patients with breast cancer. However, further studies with controlled trials for other types of cancer are needed to better understand and confirm the effect of coenzyme Q10 on tumor therapy.

Original title:
Effects of coenzyme Q10 supplementation on inflammation, angiogenesis, and oxidative stress in breast cancer patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Alimohammadi M, Rahimi A, […], Rafiei A.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34008150/

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Vascular endothelial growth factor (VEGF) plays a central role in promoting angiogenesis and is over-expressed in breast cancer.

IL-8 is a marker of ER-negative and/or HER2-positive breast cancer.

Matrix metalloproteinases (MMPs) are a group of zinc-containing, calcium dependent endopeptidases which play a substantial role in breast carcinogenesis through several mechanisms. These mechanisms include remodeling of extracellular matrix (ECM), cell proliferation and angiogenesis which promote metastasis and result in tumor progression.

Objectives:
Does a high BMI increase liver cancer mortality and occurrence of primary liver cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 28 prospective cohort studies with 8,135,906 subjects, of which 6,059,561 subjects (persons) with primary liver cancer occurrence and 2,077,425 subjects with liver cancer-related mortality.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in the meta-analysis, that an increase in BMI significantly increased the occurrence of primary liver cancer with 69% [HR = 1.69, 95% CI = 1.50 to 1.90, I2 = 56%].
Significant means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found that a BMI>25 (overweight) significantly increased the occurrence of primary liver cancer with 36% [HR = 1.36, 95% CI = 1.02 to 1.81].
Significant because HR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 1.02 to 1.81. HR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found that a BMI>30 (obesity) significantly increased the occurrence of primary liver cancer with 77% [HR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.56 to 2.01].
Significantly means it can be said with a 95% confidence that a BMI>30 really increased the occurrence of primary liver cancer with 77%.

The investigators found that a BMI>35 significantly increased the occurrence of primary liver cancer with 208% [HR = 3.08, 95% CI = 1.21 to 7.86].

The investigators found that an increase in BMI significantly increased liver cancer-related mortality with 61% [HR = 1.61, 95% CI = 1.14 to 2.27].

The investigators concluded that high BMI increases liver cancer mortality and occurrence of primary liver cancer. Obesity (BMI>30) is an independent risk factor for the occurrence of and mortality from primary liver cancer.

Original title:
Obesity and the risk of primary liver cancer: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Sohn W, Lee S, [...], Yoon SK.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7820201/

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Am I overweight?

Which products are suitable for persons with overweight?

Use the 7-points nutritional profile app to see if your daily eaten products are suitable for you if you are overweight.

Objectives:
Catechins are a part of the chemical family of flavonoids, a naturally occurring antioxidant, and a secondary metabolite in certain plants. Green tea catechins are well recognized for their essential anti-inflammatory, photo-protective, antioxidant and chemo-preventive functions. Ultraviolet radiation is a principal cause of damage to the skin. Studies observed that regular intake of green tea catechins increased the minimal dose of radiation required to induce erythema. However, there is a gap in knowledge regarding the impact of oral supplementation with green tea catechins on ultraviolet radiation-induced skin inflammation in human subjects. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is green tea catechin supplementation associated with protection against UV-induced damage due to erythema inflammation in humans?

Study design:
This review article included 6 randomized controlled studies with a total of 100 healthy volunteers. The intervention duration of administrated green tea catechins orally varied from 6 to 12 weeks.

All studies included in this systematic review and meta-analysis measured the erythema index using solar simulator techniques, wherein the blue-light (mimicking sunlight) solar simulator was used to irradiate the skin and skin color was evaluated by chromameter before and 24 h after irradiation at baseline and post-supplementation of green tea catechins.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found meta-analysis results confirmed oral supplementation of green tea catechins was highly effective at low-intensity ultraviolet radiation-induced erythema response [MED range = 1.25 to 1.30] compared to placebo, showing a significant pooling difference in erythema index [SMD = -0.35, 95% CI = -0.57 to -0.13, p = 0.002, I2 = 4%, p = 0.40] in the random-effects model.

The investigators concluded that regular green tea catechin supplementation (as low as 540 mg of green tea catechins per day) is associated with protection against UV-induced damage due to erythema inflammation in humans, wherein green tea catechin metabolites are bioavailable at the dermis and epidermis levels of the skin and thus increase the minimal dose of radiation (MED) required to induce erythema. This in turn suggests that green tea catechins can strengthen the skin’s tolerance to ultraviolet radiation-induced skin damage from radiation through the prevention of the ultraviolet radiation-induced perturbation of epidermal barrier functions.

Original title:
Green Tea Catechin Association with Ultraviolet Radiation-Induced Erythema: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Kapoor MP, Sugita M, [...], Okubo T.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8233826/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about review article/significant and green tea.

Sunburn, also called UV-induced or solar erythema, is characterized by painful blistering and sometimes second degree burn.

Objectives:
Essential amino acids (EAAs) promote the process of regulating muscle synthesis. Thus, whey protein that contains higher amounts of essential amino acids can have a considerable effect on modifying muscle synthesis. However, there is insufficient evidence regarding the effect of soya and whey protein supplementation on body composition. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does whey protein or soya protein supplementation improve body composition parameters (like lean body mass, body mass, fat mass and body fat percentage) in adults?

Study design:
This review article included 10 RCTs with 596 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a significant increase in lean body mass after whey protein supplementation [WMD = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.15 to 1.67, p = 0.019].
This significant increase was not found for soya protein supplementation.

The investigators found no significant change between whey protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass and body fat percentage.

The investigators found no significant change between soya protein supplementation and body mass, fat mass and body fat percentage.

The investigators concluded that whey protein supplementation improves body composition via increases in lean body mass, without influencing fat mass, body mass and body fat percentage in adults.

Original title:
Comparison of the effect of soya protein and whey protein on body composition: a meta-analysis of randomised clinical trials by Damaghi MP, Mirzababaei A, […], Mirzaei K.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33971994/

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Objectives:
To overcome the limitations of conventional malaria rapid diagnostic tests (cRDTs) in diagnosing malaria in patients with low parasitaemia, ultrasensitive malaria rapid diagnostic tests (uRDTs) have recently been developed, with promising results under laboratory conditions. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

What is the overall sensitivity and specificity of newly developed ultrasensitive Plasmodium falciparum malaria RDT (Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT (uRDT)), when compared with the conventional malaria rapid diagnostic tests (cRDT) conducted in the same field conditions?

Study design:
This review article included 14 cross sectional studies with 15 data sets.
Studies were published between 2018 and 2021, with 9 out of 14 conducted in sub-Saharan African countries.
The mean/median age of the study population ranged from 4 to 36 years as reported by 7 studies.
The risk of bias in studies included in the review ranged from low to moderate.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found the overall sensitivity of the Alere™ ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT regardless of the reference test and the clinical presentation of participants, was 55.5% [95% CI = 45.5 to 65.0], while the sensitivity regardless of the reference test and the clinical presentation of participants, was 42.9% [95% CI = 31.5 to 55.2] for the cRDT performed in the same field conditions.

The investigators found when PCR was used as reference test, the sensitivity of uRDT was 60.4% [95% CI = 50.8 to 69.2], while the sensitivity was 49.4% [95% CI = 38.2 to 60.6] for the cRDT.

The investigators found the pooled specificity of uRDT regardless of the reference test and the clinical presentation of participants was 98.6% [95% CI = 97.1 to 99.4] and the pooled specificity of cRDT regardless of the reference test and the clinical presentation of participants was 99.3% [95% CI = 98.1 to 99.7].

The investigators found when PCR was used as reference test the specificity of uRDT and cRDT was 97.5% [95% CI = 94.1 to 98.9] and 98.2% [95% CI = 95.5 to 99.3].

The investigators found regardless of the reference test used, the sensitivity of Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT in symptomatic patients was 72.1% [95% CI = 67.4 to 76.4], while sensitivity of cRDT was 67.4% [95% CI = 57.6 to 75.9].

The investigators concluded that Alere™ Ultra-sensitive Malaria Ag P. falciparum RDT (uRDT) compared to conventional malaria rapid diagnostic tests (cRDT) performed in the same field conditions has higher sensitivity but lower specificity although the difference is not statistically significant.

Original title:
Assessing field performance of ultrasensitive rapid diagnostic tests for malaria: a systematic review and meta-analysis and Danwang C, Kirakoya-Samadoulougou F and Samadoulougou S.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8176703/

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In a diagnostic test, sensitivity is a measure of how well a test can identify true positives.
In a diagnostic test, specificity is a measure of how well a test can identify true negatives.

 

Objectives:
Does grapes/grape products supplementation improve glycemic indices (like HOMA-IR, Hb1Ac and fasting insulin level) in adults or in other words, does eating grapes or grape products causally improve glycemic indices in adults?

Study design:
This review article included 29 RCTs with a total of 1,297 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found, overall, the grapes/grape products supplementation significantly reduced homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) [WMD = -0.54, 95% CI = -0.91 to -0.17, p = 0.004] in adults.   
Significantly because the calculated p-value of = 0.004 was less than the p-value of 0.05.

The investigators found, however, the grapes/grape products supplementation did not affect fasting insulin levels [WMD = -0.90 μIU/mL, 95% CI = -1.04 to 2.84, p = 0.362] and hemoglobin A1c (Hb1Ac) percentage [WMD = 0.00%, 95% CI = -0.10 to 0.11, p = 0.916] in the main analyses.
Did not affect because the calculated p-value of 0.916 was larger than the p-value of 0.05.

The investigators concluded that the grapes/grape products supplementation reduces homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) in adults. Further, large-scale RCTs with longer duration are required to confirm these results.

Original title:
The effect of grapes/grape products on glycemic response: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Moodi V, Abedi S, […], Miraghajani M.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33893683/

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Homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) is a method for assessing β-cell function and insulin resistance (IR) from basal (fasting) glucose and insulin or C-peptide concentrations. HOMA-IR is an indicator of insulin resistance in diabetic patients. The higher the value, the more resistant you are to insulin. Diabetic patients often have a high HOMA-IR value.

Objectives:
Despite growing evidence that type 2 diabetes is associated with dementia, the question of whether intensive glucose control can prevent or arrest cognitive decline remains unanswered. Therefore, this review articles (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does intensive glucose control slow down cognitive decline in persons with type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 5 cohort studies with 16,584 participants.
The mean follow-up duration ranged from 3.5 to 10 years.
The mean age of participants in the studies included in the current meta-analysis was 65.6 years at the initiation of the studies and the proportion of women was 40.8%.
All quality assessment scores fell in the range of 8 or 9, indicating high quality.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a significantly poorer decline in cognitive function in the intensive glucose control group [β = -0.03, 95% CI = -0.05 to -0.02] than in the conventional glucose control group.

The investigators found, subgroup analysis showed a significant difference in the change in cognitive performance in composite cognitive function [β = -0.03, 95% CI = -0.05 to -0.01] and memory [β = -0.13, 95% CI = -0.25 to -0.02].

The investigators concluded that intensive glucose control in persons with type 2 diabetes slows down cognitive decline, especially the decline in composite and memory function. The impact of intensive glucose control on the brain structural abnormalities and risk of dementia needs further rigorously designed studies to validate these findings. Also, replicating and validating these findings is warranted.

Original title:
Impact of Intensive Glucose Control on Brain Health: Meta-Analysis of Cumulative Data from 16,584 Patients with Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus by Tang X, Cardoso MA, […], Simó R.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7947088/

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