Sport nutrition

Objectives:
Taurine is central to many physiological processes, some of which are augmented by exogenous supply and have the potential to facilitate endurance performance; however, its independent effects on performance have not been systematically analyzed. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does supplementation of taurine improve human endurance performance?

Study design:
This review article included 10 peer-reviewed articles. A sub-analysis of time-to-exhaustion (TTE) trials (n = 7) was also performed.

Objectives:
Epidemiological evidences regarding the association between physical activity and the risk of lung cancer are still controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does physical activity reduce risk of lung cancer?

Objectives:
Studies have shown that creatine supplementation increases intramuscular creatine concentrations, favoring the energy system of phosphagens, which may help explain the observed improvements in high-intensity exercise performance. However, research on physical performance in soccer has shown controversial results, in part because the energy system used is not taken into account. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does creatine supplementation improve physical performance in soccer players?

Objectives:
Creatine supplements are intended to improve performance, but there are indications that it can overwhelm liver and kidney functions, reduce the quality of life and increase mortality. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does creatine supplementation increase risk of renal damage?

Objectives:
Does strength training improve total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), C-reactive protein (CRP) and adiponectin levels of adults?

Study design:
This review article included clinical trials up to May 2017.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found strength training significantly reduced total cholesterol levels [ES = -0.399, p  0.001]. 

Objectives:
Which types of exercise training (whole body vibration training, aerobic training, strength training and combined training) increase lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) in older postmenopausal women (PMW)?

Study design:
This review article included 16 RCTs with 1,624 subjects.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found no significant change in lumbar spine bone mineral density following exercise training [MD = 0.01 g/cm², 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.02].

Objectives:
Does protein supplementation yield beneficial effects on body composition and muscle function (strength and synthesis) in healthy adults, with an emphasis on the timing of protein intake?

Objectives:
Nitric oxide related ergogenic aids such as arginine (Arg) have shown to impact positively on sport performance through several physiological and metabolic mechanisms. However, research results have shown to be controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do both acute and chronic arginine supplementation increase aerobic (≤VO2max) and anaerobic (>VO2max) performance?

Study design:
This review article included 15 RCTs with 386 males and 8 females.

Objectives:
Is there a difference between high-load (≥70 of 1RM) and low-load (70 of 1RM) resistance training (RT) on femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) in middle-aged and older people?

Study design:
This review article included 6 RCTs.

Objectives:
Visceral adipose tissue (VAT) are deleterious fat deposits in the human body and can be effectively reduced by exercise intervention. Despite well-established exercise prescriptions are available, the effective dosage of exercise for reducing VAT requires verification. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

What is the most effective exercise dosage (modality, intensity, duration and amount) for decreasing visceral adipose tissue (VAT)?