Daily dietary intake of 30g whole grains, 100g fruits, 200g dairy products reduce risk of hypertension

Objectives:
What is the relationship of the intake of whole grains, refined grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes, eggs, dairy, fish, red meat, processed meat and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSBs) and the risk of hypertension?

Study design:
This review article included 28 prospective cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in dose-response meta-analysis of 4 studies with 28,069 incident hypertension cases, a significantly reduced risk of 8% [RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.87-0.98, I2 = 88%, p 0.0001] for hypertension for 30 g/day whole grains. Significant means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.
The reduced risk was highest (15%) at 90 g/day whole grains.

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analysis of 6 studies, a significantly reduced risk of 3% [RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.96-0.99, I2 = 64%, p = 0.02] for hypertension for 100 g/day fruits.
The strongest risk reduction was 7% at 300 g/day fruits.

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analysis of 9 studies with 31,509 incident hypertension cases, a significantly reduced risk of 5% [RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.94-0.97, I2 = 0%, p = 0.50] for hypertension for 200 g/day dairy products.
The strongest risk reduction was 15% at 800 g/day dairy products.

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analysis of 7 studies with 97,745 incident hypertension cases, a significantly increased risk of 14% [RR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.02-1.28, I2 = 88%, p 0.001] for hypertension for 100 g/day red meat.
The increased risk was highest (40%) at 200 g/day red meat.

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analysis of 4 studies, a significantly increased risk of 12% [RR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.00-1.26, I2 = 82%, p 0.001] for hypertension for 50 g/day processed meat.

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analysis of 4 studies, a significantly increased risk of 7% [RR = 1.07, 95% CI = 1.04-1.10, I2 = 64%, p = 0.04] for hypertension for 250 mL/day sugar-sweetened beverages.
The increased risk was highest (13%) at 450 mL/day sugar-sweetened beverages.

The investigators found compared with nonconsumption, an intake of 2 servings red meat/d [170g, RR = 1.35], 1 serving processed meat/d [35g, RR = 1.07], 1 serving fish/d [100g, RR = 1.08] and 2 servings sugar-sweetened beverages/d [500mL, RR = 1.14 was associated with a 78% increased risk of hypertension. On the other hand, a risk reduction by 44% would be achieved by not consuming these foods (red meat, processed meat, fish and sugar-sweetened beverages).

The investigators concluded a daily dietary intake of 30g whole grains, 100g fruits, 200g dairy products reduce risk of hypertension, whereas a daily dietary intake of 100g red meat, 50g processed meat, and 250mL sugar-sweetened beverages increase risk of hypertension. These findings need to be seen under the light of very-low to low credibility of meta-evidence. However, the findings support the current dietary recommendations in the primary prevention of hypertension.

Original title:
Food Groups and Risk of Hypertension: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies by Schwingshackl L, Schwedhelm C, […], Boeing H.

Link:
http://advances.nutrition.org/content/8/6/793.long

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Find more information/studies on different food groups, hypertension prevention and cardiovascular diseases right here.