Nutritional Advice El Mondo
Objectives:
What are the reactogenicity, immunogenicity and efficacy across different vaccine platforms?
Study design:
This review article included 23 non-human primates studies and 32 human studies.
The mean age in human trials was 42.7 years.
The gender distribution in human vaccine groups was roughly equal.
Vaccine group ethnicity was skewed as follows: 72.8% of participants were White, 11.2% Hispanic, 7.2% Black/African American and 3.9% Asian.
The vast majority of vaccine schedules used a 2-dose prime/boost protocol, with the interval between doses ranging from 14 to 84 days and boost at day 21 being the most commonly reported protocol.
Safety analyses of local and systemic adverse events were recorded across all 32 human studies.
Results and conclusions:
The investigators found vaccines resulted in mostly mild, self-limiting adverse events.
The investigators found highest spike neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses were identified for the mRNA-1273-SARS-CoV (Moderna COVID-19 vaccine) and adjuvanted NVX-CoV2373-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (Novavax COVID-19 vaccine).
The investigators found ChAdOx-SARS-CoV-2 (AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine) produced the highest T cell ELISpot responses.
The investigators found pre-existing nAb against vaccine viral vector were identified following AdH-5-SARS-CoV-2 vaccination, halving immunogenicity.
The investigators found the mRNA vaccines depend on boosting to achieve optimal immunogenicity especially in the elderly; BNT162b2 (Pfizer-BioNTech COVID-19 vaccine) and mRNA-1273 achieved >94%, rAd26/rAd5-SARS-COV-2 (Sputnik V COVID-19 vaccine) > 91% and ChAdOx-SARS-CoV-2 > 66.7% efficacy.
The investigators found across different vaccine platforms there were trade-offs between antibody binding, functional nAb titers, T cell frequency, reactogenicity and efficacy.
Emergence of variants made rapid mass rollout of high efficacy vaccines essential to reduce any selective advantage.
The investigators concluded the highest spike neutralizing antibody (nAb) responses are identified for the mRNA-1273-SARS-CoV (Moderna COVID-19 vaccine) and adjuvanted NVX-CoV2373-SARS-CoV-2 vaccines (Novavax COVID-19 vaccine), while ChAdOx-SARS-CoV-2 (AstraZeneca COVID-19 vaccine) produces the highest T cell ELISpot responses.
Original title:
Comparative systematic review and meta-analysis of reactogenicity, immunogenicity and efficacy of vaccines against SARS-CoV-2 by McDonald I, Murray SM, […], Boyton RJ.
Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8116645/
Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on vaccination and coronavirus right here.
Reactogenicity represents the physical manifestation of the inflammatory response to vaccination and can include injection-site pain, redness, swelling or induration at the injection site, as well as systemic symptoms, such as fever, myalgia or headache.
Non-human primates are used in medical research because of their similarities to human beings.