Nutritional Advice El Mondo

Nutrition and health

Sport nutrition

Scientific studies (review articles) on the relationship between diet/nutrients and sport performance:
One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of randomized, placebo-controlled double blind clinical trials (RCTs) will answer the following question:
"Do taking dietary supplements make sense?" Yes for a positive conclusion and no for a negative conclusion.

One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of cohort studies or case-control studies will answer the following question:
"Should I change my diet?".

2021:

  1. Chair-based exercise programmes improve upper extremity and lower extremity function in older adults
  2. Supplementation with L‐arginine alone increases VO2 max in healthy people
  3. Whey protein supplementation increases lean body mass in adults
  4. Protein quality has significant impact on indices of muscle protein anabolism in young and older adults
  5. Tart cherry supplementation improves recovery from strenuous exercise
  6. Physical activity enhances immune system and increases potency of vaccination
  7. 3 times per week 30-60 min high-intensity interval training causally reduce visceral adipose tissue

2020:

  1. High-load and low-load resistance training have similar effects on femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density
  2. 10-12 g/d arginine during 8 weeks improve sport performance
  3. Physical exercise offers benefits to patients with chronic kidney disease
  4. 30 min/day light-intensity physical activity reduce cancer mortality
  5. Protein supplementation increases lean body mass in adults
  6. Whole-body vibration improves bone mineral density in postmenopausal women

2019:

  1. Strength training decreases inflammation in adults
  2. Creatine supplementation does not induce renal damage
  3. Exercise intervention in kidney transplant recipients improves quality of life
  4. 3 mg creatine/kg/day for 14 days improve anaerobic performance in soccer players
  5. Physical activity reduces lung cancer among smokers

2018:

  1. 1-6g/d taurine supplementation improves human endurance performance
  2. 10,000 steps a day do not decrease blood pressure in healthy adults
  3. Milk protein supplements + resistance training increase fat-free mass in older adults
  4. Aerobic exercise benefits global cognition in mild cognitive impairment patients

2017:

  1. Every 500 kcal increase per week reduce Alzheimer’s disease with 13%
  2. No more than 1.62 g/kg/day dietary protein supplementation augments resistance exercise training induced gains in muscle mass and strength in healthy adults
  3. High levels of physical activity reduce risk of breast cancer in postmenopausal women with a BMI until 30
  4. Resistance training reduces blood pressure in prehypertensive and hypertensive subjects
  5. It is probably better to consume a low-glycemic-index carbohydrate meal before endurance performance
  6. 688mg polyphenol supplementation for at least 7 days increases sport performance
  7. Decreased walking pace increases risk of dementia in elderly populations
  8. Creatine supplementation is effective in upper limb strength performance for exercise of maximum 3 minutes

2016:

  1. Aerobic exercise performed in the fasted state induces higher fat oxidation than exercise performed in the fed state

2014:

  1. Exercise lowers the risk for diabetes conferred by insulin resistance
  2. Exercise training helps to prevent and to treat type 2 diabetes in youth
  3. Recreational physical activity reduces risk of gastric cancer

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Athletes who have a healthy, balanced diet, do not need vitamin and/or mineral supplements. Vitamin and mineral supplements cannot directly enhance sports performance. However, they can shorten the recovery period between training sessions and therefore, enhancing indirectly sports performance.

When you still want to take dietary supplements, it is good to know that:

  • The positive effect of the supplement is dependent on the dosage and duration.
  • The bioavailability is never 100%. For example, the bioavailability of L-carnitine supplement is 15-20%, meaning when 300 mg of L-carnitine supplement is taken, the body can only absorbed 45-60 mg.
  • Dietary supplements are not always free of doping.
  • The supplement only works when a positive conclusion was found in a review of randomized placebo-controlled, double-blind clinical trials (RCTs).
  • Do not take supplements during physical exercises because they can adversely affect the sports performance.

It has been scientifically proven that water, carbohydrates, creatine and caffeine intake during physical exercises can increase sports performance.

A diet with less than 55 En% carbohydrates and/or less than 20 En% fat has negative effects on the sports performance.

It can take 2-3 days to restore the muscle glycogen level after physical exercises when a low-carbohydrate diet (<5 grams of carbohydrate per kg body weight) was taken.

The loading phase of carbohydrates and creatine:  
During physical exercises athletes get mainly energy from carbohydrates, stored in the body as glycogen. Creatine is also an important energy supplier during physical exercises, which need a lot of energy in a very short time. Therefore, it is recommendable to increase the glycogen and creatine body stores just prior to a competition.

The loading phase of glycogen consists of reducing the training frequency while increasing the carbohydrate intake, 3 days before a competition. The carbohydrate intake during these 3 days is 7-10 grams per kg body weight per day.

Increasing muscle creatine stores can be done in 2 phases: the loading and maintenance phase. The 2 ways to increase muscle creatine stores are:

  1. 0.3 grams of creatine per kg body weight per day (5-7 grams of creatine each time with an interval of 3-4 hours) and 3-7 days long. After that, 3-5 grams of creatine per day for 4-10 weeks.
  2. 2-3 grams of creatine a day for 30 days.

The glycogen resynthesis (to restore the glycogen body stores after physical exercises) takes quickly place within 30-60 minutes after physical exercises. The speed of the glycogen resynthesis reaches its maximum at 0.8 grams of carbohydrate per kg body weight per hour.

The muscle and bone building phase take place during 24-48 hours after physical exercises.

It is a misconception to think isotonic sports drink is absorbed faster than hypotonic sports drink.

Rehydration drinks should have an osmolality of below 500 mOsm/l, preferably below 300 and a sugar content of 40-80 grams per liter. Rehydration is the replenishment of moisture during physical exercises.

Isotonic sports drink has an osmolality of about 300 mOsm/l and a sugar content of 40-80 grams per liter. During physical exercises, isotonic sports drink is recommended and hypertonic sports drinks (>80 grams of sugar per liter) must be avoided. The osmolality of human blood is approximately 275-300 mOsm/l.

Sports drinks with 40-80 grams of carbohydrates and 280-660 mg of sodium per liter are quickly absorbed in the body. This is the ideal isotonic sports drink. Sports drink is recommended in moderate physical exercises with a duration longer than 60-90 minutes.

It is internationally recommended to take 250 ml of liquid (or 1000 ml of fluid per hour) per 15 minutes during the competition in order to prevent dehydration, but also to maintain the sports performance. Furthermore, it is a scientific fact that the body can break down maximum 60 grams of carbohydrates per hour during the competition.

When you are feeling energetic during physical exercises, meaning that you have taken enough carbohydrates.

The best period to eat is 2-4 hours before physical exercises.

The common nutritional deficiencies among athletes are a deficiency of calcium, vitamin D and iron (especially under women athletes).

Dietary guidelines for athletes:

  • The last meal should be 2-4 hours before physical exercises.
  • Professional athletes are advised to choose products with 60-70 En% (minimum 55 En%) carbohydrate, products with 20-30 En% fat and products with 15-25 En% protein or your daily diet (=all meals/products that you eat on a daily basis) should on average contain 60-70 En% (minimum 55 En%) carbohydrate, products with 20-30 En% fat and products with 15-25 En% protein.
  • Take dietary supplements only under expert guidance!
  • 0.5 mg of vitamin B1 per 1000 kcal.
  • 0.6 mg of vitamin B2 per 1000 kcal.
  • 0.02 milligrams of vitamin B6 per gram of protein consumed.
  • The recommended daily allowance is 6 mg of magnesium per kg body weight.
  • The recommended daily allowance is 5-7 grams of carbohydrates per kg body weight per day.
  • The recommended daily allowance of protein for athletes is 1.2-1.8 grams per kg body weight, for strength athletes is 1.5 grams per kilogram of body weight during the maintenance phase and 2.0 g per kg body weight during the loading phase.

Before physical exercises:

  • Take 2 hours before the competition 500-1000 ml of fluid.
  • Take 5 to 30 minutes before the competition 50 grams of sugars.
  • Take 10 grams of protein just before the competition because it promotes the recovery of muscle damage.
  • Take 3-5 minutes before the competition 150-300 ml of water or thirst quencher. This is called prehydration.

During physical exercises:

  • Take during the competition no more than 35 grams of fructose per liter because fructose is slowly absorbed and therefore will give gastrointestinal complaints.
  • Take during the competition 125-250 ml of fluid per 15 minutes.
  • Take during the competition no more than 15 grams of sugars per 15 minutes.
  • The optimal sports drink during the competition is a sports drink with 6 g sugars per 100 ml.
  • Choose a sports drink during the competition with an osmolality around 300 or below 500 mOsm/l.
  • Avoid during the competition hypertonic sports drinks.
  • Take during the competition water, isotonic or hypotonic sports drinks.
  • Take during the competition no coffee because you will lose more moisture.

After physical exercises:

  • After the competition, there are 2 ways to restore the glycogen body stores:
    1. Take immediately (within 30 minutes) after the competition 1.2 grams carbohydrate (preferably simple sugars, such as glucose) per kg body weight. Repeat this every hour for 4-6 hours.
    2. 0.8 g carbohydrate per kg body weight + 0.4 grams of protein or amino acids per kg body weight per hour. Repeat this every hour for 4-6 hours.
  • It is advisable to take after the competition 1.5 times the amount of water lost during the competition.
  • Take 10 grams of protein within 30 minutes after the competition because it promotes the recovery of muscle damage.

Chronic diseases

Scientific studies (review articles) on the relationship between diet/nutrients and chronic diseases:
One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of randomized, placebo-controlled double blind clinical trials (RCTs) will answer the following question:
"Do taking dietary supplements make sense?" Yes for a positive conclusion and no for a negative conclusion.

One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of cohort studies or case-control studies will answer the following question:
"Should I change my diet?".

2024:

  1. Higher carotenoids blood concentration reduce liver disease

2023:

  1. High β-carotene dietary intake reduces Parkinson's disease among women
  2. 50g/d legume dietary intake may reduce mortality from all causes

2022:

  1. Selenium supplementation reduces postpartum depression
  2. Tomato intake causally reduces TNF-α levels in adults
  3. 400 mg/day vitamin C supplementation improves lung function of COPD patients
  4. Vitamin E supplements enhance quality of life of rheumatoid arthritis patients
  5. Meat intake may increase kidney stones
  6. High-dose dietary intake of vitamins A and B reduces glaucoma
  7. Higher intake of antioxidant-rich foods reduces Parkinson's disease

2021:

  1. 0.8-10 mg/d folic acid supplements decrease CRP levels
  2. Low vitamin D level increases asthma in children
  3. Low vitamin D level increases acne
  4. Selenium supplementation decreases hs-CRP level among patients with metabolic diseases
  5. NAC supplementation could improve lung function in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  6. Vitamin B1 supplementation reduces ICU delirium in critically ill patients
  7. Soy supplementation improves insulin resistance for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  8. 540 mg/d green tea catechins supplementation reduces UV-induced damage due to erythema inflammation
  9. Cardiovascular reserve is improved after kidney-transplantation
  10. Vitamin B1 + vitamin C supplementation does not reduce mortality in patients with sepsis or septic shock
  11. Grape products containing polyphenols supplementation improves status of oxidative stress
  12. Vitamin B supplementation is effective in treating mouth ulcers
  13. L-carnitine supplementation should be supported in hemodialysis patients
  14. Carotenoid supplements decrease inflammation
  15. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces oxidative stress
  16. 400 mg/day vitamin B2 supplementation decrease migraine attacks
  17. A higher manganese level increases MS
  18. Peripheral neuropathy is associated with lowered plasma vitamin B12 levels
  19. Resistant starch type 2 improves residual renal function of patients under maintenance hemodialysis
  20. Intravenous NAC administration decreases serum creatinine levels
  21. Probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation improve oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease
  22. Ginger supplementation improves oxidative stress levels
  23. Serum albumin concentrations are lower in patients with stable COPD
  24. Melatonin supplements have positive effects on sleep quality in adults with metabolic disorders

2020:

  1. 0.5 to 6 g/d taurine supplementation reduces total cholesterol and triglyceride in patients with liver dysregulation
  2. Patients with diabetic kidney disease benefit from <0.8 g protein per kilogram body weight per day
  3. <100 mg/day isoflavones reduce IL-6 and TNF-α levels
  4. 0.5 servings of fish per week reduce multiple sclerosis
  5. A higher dietary intake of fruit, dietary fiber, fish and vitamine C reduce COPD in adults
  6. Higher selenium and lower zinc level increase risk of vitiligo
  7. Higher serum levels of homocysteine increase multiple sclerosis
  8. Physical exercise offers benefits to patients with chronic kidney disease
  9. 300 mg/day dietary anthocyanins reduce inflammation
  10. Pomegranate decreases inflammation in adults
  11. LDL cholesterol-lowering treatment reduce risk of major vascular events
  12. Hepatitis B virus infection increases chronic kidney disease
  13. Lead increases ALS
  14. Meat is not a risk factor for asthma in children

2019:

  1. Vitamin B12, D and E reduce eczema
  2. Higher levels of selenium in cerebrospinal fluid increase Parkinson's disease
  3. Omega-3 supplementation decreases CRP levels in patients on hemodialysis
  4. Low selenium and zinc levels increase rheumatoid arthritis
  5. 60-500 mg/day coenzyme Q10 supplements reduce inflammation
  6. Egg consumption does not increase inflammation
  7. Hypomagnesemia increases all-cause mortality in end-stage renal disease patients
  8. Vitamin D improves fasting glucose among patients with chronic kidney disease
  9. Dietary DHA, DPA and EPA are associated with higher lung function among current smokers
  10. Exercise intervention in kidney transplant recipients improves quality of life
  11. 200g vegetables per day reduce gallstone disease
  12. ≥12 weeks of L-carnitine supplements reduce inflammation
  13. Plasma creatinine seems to be a promising prognostic biomarker for ALS
  14. 10-40 g/day dietary fiber intake reduce diverticular disease risk
  15. Higher hemoglobin levels decrease transfusion risk in predialysis patients with CKD
  16. Magnesium deficiency increases risk of ADHD
  17. High prenatal vitamin D level reduces risk autism-related traits later in life
  18. 3 cups/d coffee consumption reduce risk of all-cause mortality
  19. Dietary n-3 PUFAs reduce ulcerative colitis
  20. 15 minutes/week sunlight exposure decreases risk of Parkinson's disease

2018:

  1. Dairy products, high purine vegetables, soy foods and coffee decrease gout
  2. Postherpetic neuralgia patients benefit from vitamin B12 supplementation
  3. 320 to 1500 mg/day magnesium supplementation decreases CRP levels
  4. 1 g/day salt reduction reduces blood pressure in end-stage renal disease
  5. Coffee consumption is associated with a higher circulating level of adiponectin in women
  6. Higher intakes of fruit and vegetables improve immune function
  7. Oral supplementation with chondroitin sulfate reduces pain in knee osteoarthritis
  8. Coffee consumption is associated with a lower level of serum CRP in humans
  9. Milk increases acne
  10. 1 time/week fish consumption from 6-9 months reduces asthma and wheeze in children up to 4.5 years old
  11. A high uric acid level plays a protective role in ALS
  12. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces serum triglycerides levels of patients with metabolic disorders
  13. Zinc deficiency increases risk of autoimmune disorders

2017:

  1. Cranberry may be effective in preventing urinary tract infection recurrence in women
  2. High consumption of soft drinks increases ulcerative colitis
  3. Children and adolescents with ADHD have a deficiency in n-3 PUFAs levels
  4. Subjects with end-stage renal disease benefit from a diet with <5.5 En% protein
  5. Resveratrol supplementation ≥3 months has favorable effects on several risk factors of non-communicable diseases
  6. 500 mg/day quercetin reduce circulating C-reactive protein levels
  7. Asthma increases risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in women
  8. Improving iron status decreases fatigue in patients with iron deficiency without anaemia
  9. High sucrose intake might increase the risk of Crohn’s disease
  10. Daily 1-2g L-carnitine supplementation reduce inflammation
  11. Decreased vitamin D levels and increased BMI increase pediatric-onset MS
  12. Lower serum zinc levels increase Parkinson's disease
  13. Decreased folate level is a risk factor for schizophrenia
  14. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation may decrease inflammation
  15. Marine oil supplements alleviate pain in rheumatoid arthritis patients
  16. Serum vitamin D ≥75 nmol/L reduces risk of allergic rhinitis in men

2016:

  1. Daily 3 cups of tea decrease risk of depression

2015:

  1. 500-1000 mg/day oral ginger intake reduce pain in osteoarthritis patients
  2. Ultrasound can detect active Crohn’s disease in adults

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Chronic diseases, also known as noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are diseases caused by inflammation in the human body. Inflammation is caused by the actions of free radicals or eicosanoids, which are produced from the fatty acid arachidonic acid. While the eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid are pro-inflammatory, are the eicosanoids produced from EPA anti-inflammatory.
Arachidonic acid is found in meat, eggs, dairy products, and fish. The WHO and the EFSA have not set nutritional recommendation for dietary arachidonic acid yet.

Chronic diseases generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication nor do they just disappear. Chronic diseases tend to become more common with age.

Free radicals are caused by the inhalation of cigarette smoke, diseases, physical exercises, smog, fine particles, high-fat products and exhaust gases. Free radicals can be neutralized by antioxidants. But scientific studies showed that taking antioxidant supplements will cause more harm than good. Therefore, nutritionists recommend to get antioxidants from diet rather than from dietary supplements. Antioxidants are found in vegetables, fruits and nuts.

Scientific studies showed that an n3:n6 ratio of 1 to 5 or less possible prevents chronic diseases. However, the WHO and the EFSA have not set specific values for the n3:n6 ratio yet.

Chronic diseases are:

  • Autoimmune diseases (AID)
  • Diabetes
  • Brain disorders (epilepsy, Parkinson's disease)
  • Cancer
  • Joint disorders (rheumatism, gout and arthritis)
  • Heart diseases
  • Kidney diseases
  • Lung diseases (asthma and COPD)
  • Mental disorders

Dietary guidelines for chronic disease prevention:

  • Choose products with maximum 30-35 En% fat, products with maximum 7-10 En% saturated fat, products with maximum 0.3 gram of salt per 100 kcal, products with minimum 1.5 grams of fiber per 100 kcal, products with a GI-number of 55 or lower and fishes providing at least 2000 mg EPA and DHA per day or in other words, your daily diet (=all meals/products that you eat on a daily basis) should on average contain maximum 30-35 En% fat, maximum 7-10 En% saturated fat, maximum 0.3 gram of salt per 100 kcal and minimum 1.5 grams of fiber per 100 kcal.
  • Stop smoking because cigarette smoke contains/causes free radicals.
  • Aim for a healthy weight. A healthy weight has a BMI of 18.5-25. BMI is weight divided by height squared (weight (kg)/height2 (m)).
    Overweight is a risk factor for certain chronic diseases.
  • Spend at least 60-90 minutes of physical activities per day or at least 10000 steps per day.
  • Eat at least 3 times (100-150 g fish per time) a week oily fish. Oily fishes are sardines, herring, salmon, anchovies, eel and mackerel.
  • Eat 300 grams of vegetables and five servings of fruit a day or 30-40 grams of fiber per day.
    40 grams of fiber per dag corresponds to a daily diet of minimum 2 grams of fiber per 100 kcal.
  • Take when needed glucosamine supplements. Take supplements always after consultation with an expert!
  • Do not take antioxidant supplements because they do more harm than good!

Diabetes

Scientific studies (review articles) on the relationship between diet/nutrients and diabetes prevention:
One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of randomized, placebo-controlled double blind clinical trials (RCTs) will answer the following question:
"Do taking dietary supplements make sense?" Yes for a positive conclusion and no for a negative conclusion.

One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of cohort studies or case-control studies will answer the following question:
"Should I change my diet?".

2024:

  1. 20g plant protein reduce type 2 diabetes

2022:

  1. 500 mg/d dietary flavonoid intake reduces cardiovascular disease, diabetes and hypertension
  2. Vitamin D deficiency increases blindness in people with diabetes
  3. 50 g/d almond decreases causally bad cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes
  4. Ginger supplementation reduces blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes

2021:

  1. Higher concentrations of carotenoids reduce type 2 diabetes
  2. Dietary sodium restriction causally reduces blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  3. Daily 80g potato increase type 2 diabetes among Western populations
  4. Vitamin C supplements improve triglyceride and cholesterol levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  5. Spirulina supplementation reduces bad cholesterol among type 2 diabetes patients
  6. Grapes/grape products supplementation reduces HOMA-IR values in adults
  7. Intensive glucose control slows down cognitive decline in persons with type 2 diabetes
  8. Chromium supplementation improves lipid profile in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  9. Patients with diabetes mellitus should be vaccinated against herpes zoster
  10. L-arginine supplements do not reduce diabetes in adults
  11. 1.5 g/day garlic supplementation reduces adiponectin level among participants ˂30 years
  12. Mortality is more frequently in COVID-19 patients with chronic kidney diseases and cardiovascular disease
  13. Peanut butter consumption may reduce type 2 diabetes
  14. Patients older than 60 years, with hypertension, diabetes and D-dimer values above 3.17 µg/mL have higher thrombotic events due to COVID-19
  15. Diet with <30 En% carbohydrates causally increases adiponectin concentration in adults
  16. 1.5 g/day EPA + DHA improve insulin sensitivity in children
  17. Oral vitamin C supplementation may improve glycemic control and blood pressure in people with type 2 diabetes
  18. Type 1 diabetes mellitus decreases bone mineral density in children and adolescents

2020:

  1. BCG vaccine should not be used in treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus
  2. 2-3 servings/week fish reduce all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes
  3. Most prevalent comorbidities among COVID-19 are hypertension, diabetes, cardiovascular disease, liver disease, lung disease, malignancy, cerebrovascular disease, COPD and asthma
  4. Vitamin B3 supplementation increases good cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus
  5. Patients with diabetes should be advised to continue taking metformin drugs despite COVID-19 infection status
  6. Daily 8.4-10 grams of inulin supplements for at least 8 weeks improve risk factors of type 2 diabetes
  7. Male, age, cardiovascular disease, hypertension and diabetes mellitus increase mortality in patients with COVID-19
  8. Diabetes mellitus is associated with severe infection and mortality in patients with COVID-19
  9. Barberry supplementation improves insulin levels
  10. Diabetes increases in-hospital mortality in patients with COVID-19
  11. Daily 40g soy consumption for <12 weeks increase IGF-1 level
  12. 100 mg/day magnesium dietary intake reduce type 2 diabetes
  13. 50g/day processed meat increase type 2 diabetes
  14. Yogurt intake is associated with a reduced risk of type 2 diabetes
  15. Hypertension, diabetes, COPD, cardiovascular disease and cerebrovascular disease are major risk factors for patients with COVID-19
  16. Hypertension, cardiovascular diseases, diabetes mellitus, smoking, COPD, malignancy and chronic kidney disease are risk factors for COVID-19 infection
  17. Omega-3 fatty acids + vitamin E or D reduce gestational diabetes
  18. Psyllium consumption improves risk factors of diabetes
  19. Soy protein dietary intake reduces type 2 diabetes

2019:

  1. Elevated serum/plasma zinc concentration increases risk of type 2 diabetes
  2. 100mg magnesium dietary intake reduce type 2 diabetes
  3. Consumption of tree nuts decreases HOMA-IR and fasting insulin levels
  4. Low-fat dairy products have a beneficial effect on HOMA-IR, waist circumference and body weight
  5. Whole grain and cereal fiber dietary intake reduce type 2 diabetes
  6. Dietary low-ratio n-6/n-3 PUFA supplementation improves insulin resistance in diabetic patients
  7. Zinc supplementation reduces diabetes mellitus
  8. Moderate plant protein decreases type 2 diabetes mellitus
  9. Probiotic and synbiotic supplementation reduce inflammation in diabetic patients
  10. Folate supplementation lowers HOMA-IR
  11. 13.1 g/day viscous fiber supplements improve glycemic control

2018:

  1. 1 serving/day potato increases risk type 2 diabetes
  2. 150 g/day French-fries consumption increases risk of hypertension
  3. Garlic increases good cholesterol in diabetic patients
  4. High intake of cereal fiber may reduce type 2 diabetes
  5. Ginger intake reduces body weight and fasting glucose among overweight and obese subjects
  6. Animal protein increases risk of type 2 diabetes
  7. ≥550 mg/day flavonoids intake reduce type 2 diabetes
  8. High-fat diets increase risk of type 2 diabetes
  9. Folic acid supplementation reduces both fasting glucose level, fasting insulin level and HOMA-IR
  10. Low-GI diet is good for patients with type 2 diabetes
  11. Vitamin K supplementation has no effect on glycemic control
  12. Daily 3 mg L-carnitine during 12 weeks reduce serum leptin concentrations in diabetic patients

2017:

  1. Each 1 mmol/L increase in serum potassium reduces type 2 diabetes mellitus by 17%
  2. Fish oil supplementation during <12 weeks improves insulin sensitivity among people with metabolic disorders
  3. Atrial fibrillation, previous stroke, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes and previous TIA increase risk of post-stroke dementia
  4. Pomegranate supplementation has no favourable effect on improvements in glucose and insulin metabolism
  5. Low carbohydrate diet decreases type 2 diabetes
  6. A diet with 4.4 g/day alpha-linolenic acid during 3 months does not reduce level of HbA1c, FBG or FBI in patients with type 2 diabetes
  7. Vegetarian diet has a protective effect against diabetes risk
  8. Weekly 30-180 gram chocolate consumption reduces risk of coronary heart disease, stroke and diabetes
  9. Probiotics supplementation improves HbA1c and fasting insulin in type 2 diabetes patients
  10. Vitamin K supplementation does not reduce diabetes
  11. A higher consumption of whole grains, fruits and dairy products reduces type 2 diabetes risk
  12. A diet of below 45 En% carbohydrate during 3 to 6 months reduces HbA1c level of patients with type 2 diabetes
  13. Vitamin C supplementation for at least 30 days reduces glucose concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes
  14. Magnesium supplementation reduces risk of cardiovascular disease among type 2 diabetes
  15. Weekly one serving of apple and pear reduces type 2 diabetes mellitus risk
  16. Reduced serum levels of folate and vitamin B12 increase peripheral neuropathy risk among patients with type 2 diabetes
  17. Vitamin C and D reduce blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes

2016:

  1. A higher intake of plant protein decreases risk of type 2 diabetes among women

2015:

  1. Garlic supplementation during 12 weeks reduces fasting blood glucose

2014:

  1. Exercise lowers the risk for diabetes conferred by insulin resistance
  2. 1-6 cups/day caffeinated or decaffeinated coffee is associated with reduced type 2 diabetes risk
  3. Exercise training helps to prevent and to treat type 2 diabetes in youth
  4. At least 25g dietary fiber intake per day reduces risk of type 2 diabetes
  5. Niacin supplementation reduces LDL cholesterol levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus

2012:

Diabetes increases risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment

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The human body wants the blood glucose (blood sugar) level maintained in a very narrow range of 4 to 8 mmol/l. Insulin and glucagon are the hormones which make this happen. Both insulin and glucagon are secreted from the pancreas.

When the blood glucose level drops below 4 mmol/l (after physical exercise or on awakening) the alpha cells of the pancreas release glucagon. Glucagon converts glycogen into glucose. The glucose is released into the bloodstream, increasing blood sugar levels.
On the other hand, when the blood glucose level rises above 8 mmol/l, whether as a result of glycogen conversion or from digestion of a meal, insulin is released from beta cells of the pancreas. This hormone causes the liver to convert more glucose into glycogen and to force about 2/3 of body cells to take up glucose from the bloodstream through the GLUT4 transporter, thus decreasing blood sugar levels.

Diabetes mellitus describes a group of chronic metabolic diseases in which the person has a high blood glucose level, either because insulin production is inadequate or because the body's cells do not respond properly to insulin (also called insulin resistance) or both. Diabetes can be divided into two types: type 1 and type 2.

Type 1 diabetes:
The human body does not produce insulin. This type of diabetes is also called insulin-dependent diabetes, juvenile diabetes or early-onset diabetes. People usually develop type 1 diabetes before their 40th year, often in early adulthood or teenage years.

Patients with type 1 diabetes will need to take insulin injections for the rest of their life. They must also ensure proper blood-glucose levels by carrying out regular blood tests and following a special diet. Type 1 diabetes is not curable and is generally a form which is less common than type 2.

Type 2 diabetes:
In type 2 diabetes the body does not respond properly to insulin. Type 2 diabetes occurs mainly in the elderly and in people who are overweight (BMI>25). The treatment of type 2 diabetes is the first of dietary advice in conjunction with achieving a healthy weight (BMI = 18.5-25). Unlike type 1, type 2 is curable. Type 2 diabetes is also referred to as non-insulin-dependent diabetes mellitus.

Approximately 90% of all cases of diabetes worldwide are of this type.

These are the consequences that many diabetics may experience:

  • Amputation of limbs
  • Depression
  • Heart diseases
  • Skin problems
  • Gastrointestinal problems
  • Kidney disease
  • Eye problems
  • Problems of the joints
  • Problems with brains
  • Sexual problems
  • Foot problems
  • Nerves disorders

Dietary guidelines for diabetes prevention:

  • Choose products with minimum 1.5 grams of fiber per 100 kcal, products with maximum 30 En% fat, products with maximum 7 En% saturated fat, products with 10-20 En% protein, products with maximum 10 En% sugars and products with a low GI value (55 or lower) or in other words, your daily diet (=all meals/products that you eat on a daily basis) should on average contain minimum 1.5 grams of fiber per 100 kcal, maximum 30 En% fat, maximum 7 En% saturated fat, 10-20 En% protein and maximum 10 En% sugars.
  • Aim for a healthy weight. A healthy weight has a BMI of 18.5-25. BMI is weight divided by height squared (weight (kg)/height2 (m)).
  • Spend at least 60-90 minutes of physical activities per day or at least 10000 steps per day.
  • Eat at least 3 times (100-150 g fish per time) a week oily fish. Oily fishes are sardines, herring, salmon, anchovies, eel and mackerel. Oily fish contains more EPA and DHA than non-oily fish.
  • Eat 300 grams of vegetables and five servings of fruit a day or 30-40 grams of fiber per day.
    40 grams of fiber per dag corresponds to a daily diet of minimum 2 grams of fiber per 100 kcal.
  • Eat plenty of whole grains, such as brown bread and oatmeal and legumes.
  • Limit to 2-3 glasses of alcohol for men and 1-2 glasses for women a day or <30 g alcohol per day.

Higher carotenoids blood concentration reduce liver disease

Objectives:
Due to the high incidence of liver disease and the severity of adverse outcomes, liver disease has become a serious public health problem, bringing a huge disease burden to individuals, families and society. Most studies have shown significant differences in serum carotenoid content and dietary carotenoid intake between liver disease patients and non-liver disease patients, but some studies have reported contrary results.Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do higher serum concentrations of carotenoids (such as, α-carotene, β-carotene, lycopene, cryptoxanthin and lutein/zeaxanthin) or higher dietary intakes of carotenoids reduces the risk of liver disease?

Study design:
This review article included 3 RCT studies, 6 cohort studies, 11 case-control studies, 9 cross-sectional studies and 1 RCT-combined cross-sectional study.

The Egger test showed no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found pooled meta-analysis showed that higher serum α-carotene [SMD = -0.58, 95% CI = -0.83 to -0.32, p < 0.001], β-carotene [SMD = -0.81, 95% CI = -1.13 to -0.49, p < 0.001] and lycopene [SMD = -1.06, 95% CI = -1.74 to -0.38, p < 0.001] significantly reduced the risk and severity of liver disease. 

The investigators found, however, no significant difference was observed between serum β-cryptoxanthin [SMD = 0.02, 95% CI = -0.41 to 0.45, p = 0.92] and lutein/zeaxanthin [SMD = 0.62, 95% CI = -1.20 to 2.45, p = 0.502] and the risk and severity of liver disease. 

The investigators found dietary β-carotene intake [SMD = -0.22, 95% CI = -0.31 to -0.13, p < 0.001] significantly reduced the risk of liver disease. 

The investigators found an intake of more than 6 mg of carotenoids on an energy-restricted diet can effectively alleviate the symptoms of NAFLD. 

The investigators concluded that higher serum concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene and lycopene reduce risk of liver disease. Meanwhile, dietary intake of β-carotene reduces the incidence of liver disease. 

Original title: 
A systematic review of dietary and circulating carotenoids and liver disease by Hu B, Sui J, […], Xia H. 

 

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39229651/


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Nonalcoholic fatty liver disease (NAFLD) is one of the most common causes of chronic liver disease worldwide.

20g plant protein reduce type 2 diabetes

Objectives:
While clinical studies indicate that dietary protein may benefit glucose homeostasis in type 2 diabetes (T2D), the impact of dietary protein, including whether the protein is of animal or plant origin, on the risk of type 2 diabetes is uncertain. Therefore, an update of the meta-analysis has been conducted. 

 

Is there an associations between total, animal and plant protein dietary intakes and the risk of type 2 diabetes?

 

Study design:
This review article included 16 prospective cohort studies, involving 615,125 participants and 52,342 type 2 diabetes cases. Of which 11 studies reported data on intake of both animal and plant protein. 

 

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found dietary intakes of total protein were significantly associated with an increased risk of 14% for type 2 diabetes [pooled effect size = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.04 to 1.24].

 

The investigators found every increase of 20g dietary intakes of total protein were significantly associated with an increased risk of 3% for type 2 diabetes.

 

The investigators found dietary intakes of animal protein were significantly associated with an increased risk of 18% for type 2 diabetes [pooled effect size = 1.18, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.27].

 

The investigators found every increase of 20g dietary intakes of animal protein were significantly associated with an increased risk of 7% for type 2 diabetes.

 

The investigators found, in contrast, there was no association between dietary intake of plant protein and type 2 diabetes risk [pooled effect size = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.89 to 1.08].

 

The investigators found every replacement of 20 grams animal by plant protein was 

significantly associated with a reduced risk of 20% for type 2 diabetes [pooled effect size = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.76 to 0.84].

 

The investigators concluded that long-term consumption of animal, but not plant, protein is associated with a dose-dependent increase in the risk of type 2 diabetes, with the implication that replacement of animal with plant protein intake may lower the risk of type 2 diabetes.  

 

Original title: 
Association between total, animal, and plant protein intake and type 2 diabetes risk in adults: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Ardakani AF, Anjom-Shoae J, […], Horowitz M. 


Link: 
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/39032197/

 

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High β-carotene dietary intake reduces Parkinson's disease among women

Objectives:
Does high-dose dietary intake of vitamin E, β-carotene or vitamin C reduce risk of Parkinson's disease?

Study design:
This review article included 13 observational studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found no significant association between high-dose vitamin C dietary intake and the risk of Parkinson's disease compared with low-dose vitamin C dietary intake [RR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.89 to 1.08].

The investigators found compared with low-dose dietary intake, high-dose dietary intake of vitamin E significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 13% [RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.77 to 0.99].

The investigators found compared with low-dose dietary intake, high-dose dietary intake of β-carotene significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease among women with 22% [RR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.64 to 0.96].

The investigators concluded both high-dose dietary intake of vitamin E and β-carotene (beta-carotene) reduce risk of Parkinson's disease.

Original title:
Vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and risk of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies by Niu F, Xie W, […], Yu X.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36961747/

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50g/d legume dietary intake may reduce mortality from all causes

Objectives:
There is an equivocal and inconsistent association between legume consumption and health outcomes and longevity. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does a higher legume dietary intake reduce mortality and stroke risk?

Study design:
This review article included 32 cohort studies (31 publications) involving 1,141,793 participants and 93,373 deaths from all causes (all-cause mortality).

The certainty of evidence was judged from low to moderate.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found higher dietary intakes of legumes, compared with lower dietary intakes, were significantly associated with a reduced risk of 6% for mortality from all causes [HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.91 to 0.98, n = 27].

The investigators found higher dietary intakes of legumes, compared with lower dietary intakes, were significantly associated with a reduced risk of 9% for stroke [HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.99, n = 5].

The investigators found no significant association for cardiovascular diseases mortality [HR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.91 to 1.09, n =11], coronary heart disease mortality [HR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.78 to 1.09, n = 5] or cancer mortality [HR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.72 to 1.01, n = 5].

The investigators found in the linear dose-response analysis, a 50 g/d increase in legume dietary intake was significantly associated with a 6% reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality [HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89 to 0.99, n = 19], but no significant association was observed for the remaining outcomes.

The investigators concluded a higher legume dietary intake may reduce mortality from all causes and stroke risk. May reduce because the certainty of evidence is low to moderate.

Original title:
Legume Consumption and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies by Zargarzadeh N, Mousavi SM, […], Esmaillzadeh A.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36811595/

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Fish consumption reduces Alzheimer's disease

Objectives:
Current findings about the differential effects of various sources of dietary animal protein on the risk of neurodegenerative diseases are contradictory. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there an association between various sources of dietary animal protein and the risk of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia and cognitive impairment?

Study design:
This review article included 33 prospective cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found dietary fish consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 25% for Alzheimer's disease [RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.97].

The investigators found dietary fish consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 16% for dementia [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.93].

The investigators found dietary fish consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 15% for cognitive impairment [RR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.95].

The investigators found compared to the lowest consumption, the highest total dairy products consumption was significantly associated with an increased risk of 49% for Parkinson's disease [RR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.10].

The investigators found compared to the lowest consumption, the highest milk consumption was significantly associated with an increased risk of 40% for Parkinson's disease [RR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.73].

The investigators found total dairy products consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 11% for cognitive impairment [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80 to 0.99].

The investigators found total meat consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 28% for cognitive impairment [RR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.90].

The investigators found poultry consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 18% for cognitive impairment [RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.68 to 0.99].

The investigators found linear dose-response meta-analysis revealed that each 200g/d increase in total dairy dietary intake was significantly associated with an 11% higher risk of Parkinson's disease and a 12% lower risk of cognitive impairment.

The investigators found a strong linear association between fish consumption and reduced risk of dementia.

The investigators concluded dairy consumption, particularly milk is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease, while a higher intake of fish reduces Alzheimer's disease, dementia and cognitive impairment. Future well-controlled, randomized clinical trials are essential to validate the present findings.

Original title:
Association between animal protein sources and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis by Talebi S, Asoudeh F, […], Mohammadi H.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36647769/

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Selenium supplementation reduces postpartum depression

Objectives:
The results of human studies are inconsistent regarding selenium and depressive disorders. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does high selenium intake (through diet or supplements) reduce risk of depression?

Study design:
This review article included 20 studies (4 RCTs, 9 cross-sectional studies, 4 case-control studies and 3 prospective cohort studies) with a total of 47,164 participants.
The age of participants ranged from 18.0 ± 1.2 to 82 years old.
12 studies included both men and women.
Confounding variables were adjusted in half of included studies.
All included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) had high quality.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found no significant differences in serum selenium levels between patients with depression and healthy subjects [WMD = 2.12 mg/L, 95% CI = -0.11 to 4.36, I2 = 98.0%, p 0.001].

The investigators found no significant differences between serum levels of selenium and depression scores [r = -0.12, 95% CI = -0.33 to 0.08, I2 = 73.5%, p = 0.010].

The investigators found high selenium supplementation significantly reduced the risk of postpartum depression with 3% [OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95 to 0.99, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.507].

The investigators found selenium supplementation significantly reduced depressive symptoms [WMD = -0.37, 95% CI = -0.56 to -0.18, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.959].

The investigators concluded that high selenium supplementation has a protective role against postpartum depression. In addition, supplementation with selenium reduces depressive symptoms. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to draw definitive conclusions.

Original title:
The role of selenium in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human observational and interventional studies by Sajjadi SS, Foshati S, […], Rouhani H.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8776795/

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Tomato intake causally reduces TNF-α levels in adults

Objectives:
Inflammation is a major cause of chronic diseases. Several studies have investigated the effects of tomato intake on inflammatory biomarkers; however, the results are equivocal. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does tomato intake have positive impact on inflammatory biomarkers in adults?

Study design:
This review article included 7 RCTs (8 treatment arms) with a total of 465 subjects.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that pooled effect size of articles indicated that tomato intake was not significantly effective on CRP [WMD = 0.13 mg/dL, 95% CI = -0.09 to 0.36, p = 0.23, I2 = 83.9%] and IL-6 [Hedges' g = -0.12, 95% CI = -0.36 to 0.13, p = 0.34, I2 = 0.0%] levels compared to the control group.

The investigators found that pooled effect size of articles indicated that tomato intake significantly reduced TNF-α [Hedges' g = -0.45, 95% CI = -0.76 to -0.13, p = 0.005, I2 = 0.0%] levels in adults.

The investigators concluded that tomato intake causally reduces TNF-α levels in adults. However, additional well-designed studies that include more diverse populations and longer duration are warranted.

Original title:
Effect of tomato consumption on inflammatory markers in health and disease status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials by Widjaja G, Doewes RI, […], Aravindhan S.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35871957/

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine that is elevated in heart failure.

400 mg/day vitamin C supplementation improves lung function of COPD patients

Objectives:
Do COPD patients benefit from vitamin C supplementation?

Study design:
This review article included 10 RCTs with a total of 487 patients.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that vitamin C supplementation (≥400 mg/day) significantly improved the forced expiratory volume in one second as a percentage (FEV1%) of COPD patients [SMD = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.03 to 2.12, p = 0.04].

The investigators found, moreover, vitamin C supplementation (≥400 mg/day) significantly improved the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) [WMD = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.26 to 1.06, p = 0.001], vitamin C level in serum [SMD = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.02 to 1.24, p = 0.04] and glutathione (GSH) level in serum [SMD = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.06 to 3.89, p = 0.0006] of COPD patients.

The investigators found no statistically significant difference was observed in body mass index (BMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), vitamin E level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in serum.

The investigators concluded vitamin C supplementation increases the levels of antioxidation in serum (vitamin C and GSH) and improves lung function (FEV1% and FEV1/FVC) of COPD patients, especially when treated with vitamin C supplementation greater than 400 mg/day. However, further prospective studies are needed to explore the role of vitamin C in improving nutritional status.

Original title:
Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplementation on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Lei T, Lu T, […], Liu J.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9473551/

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Vitamin E supplements enhance quality of life of rheumatoid arthritis patients

Objectives:
Do rheumatoid arthritis patients benefit from vitamin E supplements?

Study design:
This review article included 9 RCTs with a total of 39,845 patients.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that vitamin E supplements were shown to be more effective in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis for sensitive joints [MD = -1.66, 95% CI = -6.32 to -2.99, I2 = 93%, p 0.00001] and swollen joints [MD = -0.46, 95% CI = -1.98 to 1.07, I2 = 56%, p = 0.08].

The investigators concluded vitamin E's ability to restore the intestinal barrier and improve the gastrointestinal tract may be linked to the prevention and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Vitamin E supplements used on a regular basis can help individuals with rheumatoid arthritis reduce joint discomfort, edema and stiffness, as well as enhance their overall quality of life.

Original title:
Effect of vitamin E supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Kou H, Qing Z, […], Ma J.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35468933/

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Vitamin D deficiency increases blindness in people with diabetes

Objectives:
Vitamin D levels have been shown to be associated with diabetic retinopathy, however to date, no review has examined the relationship between vitamin D and sight threatening diabetic retinopathy (STDR) and non-sight threatening diabetic retinopathy (NSTDR). Therefore, this review article has been conducted. 

Does vitamin D deficiency (defined as 25(OH)D levels of 20 ng/mL) increase risk of diabetic retinopathy in patients with diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 11 cross-sectional studies and 1 case-control study with a total of  9,057 participants.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found vitamin D deficiency significantly increased risk of sight threatening diabetic retinopathy with 80% [OR = 1.80, 95% CI = 1.40 to 2.30, p ≤ 0.001, I2 = 39.39%].
However, this increased risk was not found for non-sight threatening diabetic retinopathy [OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.90 to 1.27, p = 0.48, I2 = 30.21%].

The investigators concluded that vitamin D deficiency (defined as 25(OH)D levels of 20 ng/mL)  increases risk of sight threatening diabetic retinopathy but not non-sight threatening diabetic retinopathy. Given the well-reported associations between vitamin D deficiency and other unfavourable outcomes, it is important that vitamin D deficiency is managed appropriately and in a timely manner to reduce the risk of blindness in people with diabetes.

Original title:
Associations between vitamin D status and sight threatening and non-sight threatening diabetic retinopathy: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Trott M, Driscoll R, […], Pardhan S.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9167360/

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Diabetic retinopathy, also known as diabetic eye disease (DED), is a complication of diabetes, caused by high blood sugar levels damaging the back of the eye (retina). It can cause blindness if left undiagnosed and untreated.

 

Meat intake may increase kidney stones

Objectives:
What is the association of total protein, animal protein and animal protein sources with risk of kidney stones in the general population?

Study design:
This review article included 14 prospective cohort studies.
According to NutriGrade scoring system, the credibility of evidence for most of the exposures was rated as low.
Some kind of publication bias was found in the association of animal protein intake and risk of kidney stones, according to Egger's and Begg's tests.
Sensitivity analysis of processed meat as well as dairy consumption with risk of kidney stones showed one study changed the overall estimate.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that higher dietary intake of non-dairy animal protein significantly increased risk of kidney stones with 11% [RR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.20, I2 = 0%, n = 4].
Significant means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found that higher dietary intake of total meat and meat products significantly increased risk of kidney stones with 22% [RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.38, I2 = 13%, n = 3].
Significant because RR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 1.09 to 1.38. RR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found that higher dietary intake of processed meat significantly increased risk of kidney stones with 22% [RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.10 to 1.51, I2 = 0%, n = 2]. 

The investigators found that higher intake of dairy protein significantly decreased risk of kidney stones with 9% [RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.99, I2 = 0%, n = 4].

The investigators found, moreover, each 100 gram increment of red meat dietary intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of 39% for kidney stones [RR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.71].

The investigators concluded that higher dietary intake of meat and meat products may increase the risk of kidney stones in the general population, while higher dietary intake of dairy proteins may decrease the risk of kidney stones in the general population. May because the credibility of evidence for most of the exposures was rated as low and there was publication bias. Therefore, further observational studies are needed to confirm present results.

Original title:
Associations of Total Protein or Animal Protein Intake and Animal Protein Sources with Risk of Kidney Stones: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis by Asoudeh F, Talebi S, […], Mohammadi H.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35179185/

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When the credibility of evidence of the studies in the review article is low and there is publication bias, the results will not be very reliable.
 

50 g/d almond decreases causally bad cholesterol in patients with type 2 diabetes

Objectives:
An enhanced risk for cardiovascular disease (CVD) still exists even when patients with type 2 diabetes have tight control on blood sugar. Thus, identification of treatment approaches that address CVD risk factors may be useful for patients beyond the blood sugar management. Although emerging evidence suggests that nuts consumption have beneficial effects on cardiometabolic health, the effects of almond intake in patients with type 2 diabetes are still controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted. 

Does almond consumption improve risk factors (cholesterol, triglycerides, fasting plasma glucose, insulin, hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c), body mass index, weight, body fat, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and CRP) of cardiovascular disease in patients with type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 9 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found there was a causal relationship between almond dietary intake and a  significant reduction in low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (LDL cholesterol or bad cholesterol) [WMD = -5.28 mg/dL, 95% CI = -9.92 to -0.64, p = 0.026] in patients with type 2 diabetes compared with the control group.
This lowering effect of LDL cholesterol was robust in subgroups with almond consumption >50 g/day and baseline LDL cholesterol level 130 mg/dL.

The investigators found, however, the effect of almond on total cholesterol, triglycerides, high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (HDL cholesterol or good cholesterol), fasting plasma glucose, insulin, HbA1c, body mass index, weight, body fat, systolic and diastolic blood pressure and CRP was not significant compared with the control group.

The investigators concluded that a dietary intake of at least 50 g/d almond decreases causally LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) but has no favourable effect on other cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further high-quality studies are needed to firmly establish the clinical efficacy of the almond.

Original title:
Effects of almond on cardiometabolic outcomes in patients with type 2 diabetes: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Moosavian SP, Rahimlou M, […], Jalili C.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35443097/

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High-dose dietary intake of vitamins A and B reduces glaucoma

Objectives:
There is currently a lack of high-quality research on the best dietary recommendations for patients with early glaucoma or at high risk for glaucoma. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does a high dietary vitamin intake reduce risk of glaucoma?

Study design:
This review article included 8 cohort studies, with a total of 262,189 patients.

There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that high-dose dietary intake of vitamins A was significantly associated with a 27% low risk of glaucoma [OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.53 to 0.76 , p 001, I2 = 49%].

The investigators found that high-dose dietary intake of vitamins B (a combination of B1, B2, B3, B6 and B12) was significantly associated with a 29% low risk of glaucoma [OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.64 to 0.80, p 0.001, I2 = 29%].

The investigators found no association between high-dose dietary intake of vitamins C, D or E and lower risk of glaucoma.

The investigators concluded that high-dose dietary intake of vitamins A and B, but not vitamins C, D or E, is associated with a low prevalence of glaucoma. Overall, middle-aged and elderly people or patients with early glaucoma should consume vitamin-rich foods rich or take additional vitamin supplements.

Original title:
Vitamin intake and glaucoma risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Han FF and Fu XX.             

Link:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0181551222000419?via%3Dihub

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Ginger supplementation reduces blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes

Objectives:
There is some evidence regarding the positive effects of ginger supplementation on metabolic profile in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2DM). However, they are conflicting and therefore, this review article has been conducted. 

Does ginger supplementation improve metabolic profile (FBS, HbA1c, TC, TG, LDL, HDL, SBP and DBP) in patients with type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 10 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found pooled meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in fasting blood sugar (FBS) level following ginger supplementation by polling 8 effect sizes [WMD = -18.81, 95% CI = -28.70 to -8.92, I2 = 77.4%].

The investigators found pooled meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in HbA1c level following ginger supplementation by polling 7 effect sizes [WMD = -0.57, 95% CI = -0.93 to -0.20, I2 = 88.6%].

The investigators found pooled meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in systolic blood pressure (SBP) following ginger supplementation by polling 5 effect sizes [WMD = -4.20, 95% CI = -7.64 to -0.77, I2 = 97%].

The investigators found pooled meta-analysis showed a significant reduction in diastolic blood pressure (DBP) following ginger supplementation by polling 5 effect sizes [WMD = -1.61, 95% CI = -3.04 to -0.18, I2 = 93.2%].

The investigators found pooled meta-analysis showed ginger supplementation had no significant influence on lipid profile involving triglyceride (TG), total cholesterol (TC), LDL cholesterol and HDL cholesterol.

The investigators concluded supplementation with ginger reduces fasting blood sugar, HbA1c, systolic blood pressure and diastolic blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Further large RCTs are required to shed light on this issue.

Original title:
The effect of ginger supplementation on metabolic profiles in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Ebrahimzadeh A, Ebrahimzadeh A, […], Milajerdi A.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35031435/

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Higher intake of antioxidant-rich foods reduces Parkinson's disease

Objectives:
Does a higher intake of dietary antioxidants (like vitamin C and E, β-carotene, zinc, anthocyanins, lutein) reduce risk of Parkinson's disease (PD)?

Study design:
This review article included 6 prospective cohort studies and 2 nested case-control studies (448,737 participants with 4,654 persons with Parkinson's disease) and 6 case-control studies (1,948 persons without Parkinson's disease and 1, 273 persons with Parkinson's disease).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found comparded to the lowest dietary vitamine E intake, that the highest dietary vitamine E intake significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 16% [pooled RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.71 to 0.99, n = 7 cohort studies].
Significantly means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found compared to the lowest dietary anthocyanins intake, that the highest dietary anthocyanins intake significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 24% [pooled RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.96, n = 2 cohort studies].
Significantly because pooled RR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 0.61 to 0.96. RR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found compared to the lowest dietary lutein intake, that the highest dietary lutein intake significantly increased risk of Parkinson's disease with 86% [pooled RR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.20 to 2.88, n = 3 case-control studies].

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analyses that every increment of dietary vitamin C intake with 50 mg/d significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.88 to 0.99, n = 6].

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analyses that every increment of dietary vitamin E intake with 5 mg/d significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 16% [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.70 to 0.99, n = 7].

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analyses that every increment of dietary β-carotene intake with 2 mg/d significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89 to 0.99, n = 6].

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analyses that every increment of dietary zinc intake with 1 mg/d significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 35% [RR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.86, n = 1].

The investigators concluded that higher intake of antioxidant-rich foods reduces risk of Parkinson's disease. Future, well-designed prospective studies are needed to validate the present findings.

Original title:
Dietary Antioxidants and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-analysis of Observational Studies by Talebi S, Ghoreishy SM, […], Mohammadi H.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35030236/

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No difference in seroconversion between 3 doses of fIPV and 3 doses of full-dose poliovirus vaccine

Objectives:
Since WHO recommended introduction of at least a single dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in routine immunisation schedules, there have been global IPV shortages. Fractional-dose IPV (fIPV) administration is one of the strategies to ensure IPV availability. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there a difference in seroconversion and antibodies response between fractional-dose IPV (fIPV) and full-dose IPV?

Study design:
This review article included 14 articles: 2 ongoing trials and 12 articles reporting on 10 completed studies.

The seroconversion meta-analysis for the three-dose comparison was homogeneous [p = 0.45, I2 = 0%], whereas heterogeneity was observed in the two-dose [p 0.00001, I2 = 88%] and one-dose [p = 0.0004, I2 = 74%] comparisons.
Heterogeneity was observed in meta-analyses of GMTs for one-dose [p 0.00001, I2 = 92%, two-dose [p = 0.002, I2 = 80%] and three-dose [p 0.00001, I2 = 93%] comparisons. Findings for types 1 and 3 were similar to those for type 2.
The certainty of the evidence was high for the three-dose comparisons and moderate for the rest of the comparisons.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found for poliovirus type 2, there were no significant differences in the proportions of seroconversions between fractional and full doses of IPV for 2 or 3 doses: the risk ratio for serconversion at 1 dose was 0.61 [95% CI = 0.51 to 0.72], at 2 doses was 0.90 [95% CI = 0.82 to 1.00] and at 3 doses was 0.95 [95% CI = 0.91 to 1.00].

The investigators found geometric mean titres (GMTs) for poliovirus type 2 were lower for fIPV than for full-dose IPV [-0.51, 95% CI = -0.87 to -0.14] at 1 dose [-0.49, 95% CI = -0.70 to -0.28] at 2 doses and [-0.98, 95% CI = -1.46 to -0.51] at 3 doses.

The investigators concluded that there is no substantial difference in seroconversion between 3 doses of fractional-dose IPV (fIPV) and 3 doses of full-dose poliovirus vaccine (IPV), although the full dose gives higher titres of antibodies for poliovirus type 1, 2 and 3. Use of fractional IPV instead of the full dose can stretch supplies and possibly lower the cost of vaccination.

Original title:
Fractional dose compared with standard dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Mashunye TR, Ndwandwe DE, [...], Wiysonge CS.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33939958/

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Higher concentrations of carotenoids reduce type 2 diabetes

Objectives:
Previous meta-analysis studies have indicated inverse associations between some carotenoids and risks of metabolic syndrome, cardiovascular disease, cancer and all-cause mortality. However, the results for associations between carotenoids and type 2 diabetes (T2D) remain inconsistent and no systematic assessment has been done on this topic. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Do higher dietary intakes and circulating concentrations of carotenoids reduce risk of type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 13 studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found for the the highest versus the lowest categories of dietary intake of β-carotene a significantly reduced risk of 22% for type 2 diabetes [pooled RR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.70 to 0.87, I2 = 13.7%, n = 6].
This significantly reduced risk was also found for total carotenoids (n = 2), α-carotene (n = 4), and lutein/zeaxanthin (n = 4), with pooled RRs ranging from 0.80 to 0.91, whereas no significant associations were observed for β-cryptoxanthin and lycopene.

The investigators found for the the highest versus the lowest categories of circulating concentration of β-carotene a significantly reduced risk of 40% for type 2 diabetes [pooled RR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.46 to 0.78, I2 = 56.2%, n = 7].
This significantly reduced risk was also found for total carotenoids (n = 3), lycopene (n = 4), and lutein (n = 2), with pooled RRs ranging from 0.63 to 0.85, whereas no significant association was found for circulating concentrations of α-carotene and zeaxanthin when comparing extreme categories.

The investigators found dose-response analysis indicated that nonlinear relations were observed for circulating concentrations of α-carotene, β-carotene, lutein and total carotenoids [all p-nonlinearity 0.05], but not for other carotenoids or dietary exposures.

The investigators concluded that higher dietary intakes and circulating concentrations of total carotenoids, especially β-carotene, are associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. More studies are needed to confirm the causality and explore the role of foods rich in carotenoids in prevention of type 2 diabetes.

Original title:
Dietary Intake and Circulating Concentrations of Carotenoids and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes: A Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Observational Studies by Jiang YW, Sun ZH, [...], Pan A.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33979433/

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0.8-10 mg/d folic acid supplements decrease CRP levels

Objectives:
It has been theorized that folic acid supplementation improves inflammation. However, its proven effects on inflammatory markers are unclear as clinical studies on this topic have produced inconsistent results. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Have folic acid supplements positive effects on inflammatory markers, like CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α?

Study design:
This review article included 12 RCTs with a total of 1,392 participants.
The studies were conducted between 2003 and 2018 and their sample size varied from 19 to 530 participants.
The mean age of the participants ranged from 24.1 to 68.1 years old.
The supplementation period ranged from 2 to 52 weeks.
The daily mentioned dosage of folic acid varied between 0.8 mg and 10 mg/d.

There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a significant effect of folic acid supplementation on serum concentrations of CRP [WMD = -0.59 mg/L, 95% CI = -0.85 to -0.32, p 0.001, I2 = 91.3%, p 0.001].
This significantly reduced effect was also found in the subgroup and sensitivity analysis.
Subgroup analysis showed that baseline serum concentrations of CRP, duration of intervention, dosage and the participants’ age and gender explained this heterogeneity.

The investigators concluded that 0.8-10 mg/d folic acid supplements decrease serum concentrations of CRP.

Original title:
Effects of Folic Acid Supplementation on Inflammatory Markers: A Grade-Assessed Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Asbaghi O, Ashtary-Larky D, […], Naeini AA.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8308638/

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Low vitamin D level increases asthma in children

Objectives:
The association between serum 25-hydroxyvitamin D 25(OH)D level (vitamin D level in blood) and asthma occurrence in children was controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does a low vitamin D level increase risk of asthma occurrence in children?

Study design:
This review article included 35 studies with 5,711 children with asthma and 21,561 children without asthma. Among them, 24 studies were included for analyzing the association between 25(OH)D level and asthma and 12 studies evaluated the treatment effect of vitamin D.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that the children with asthma had significant lower 25(OH)D level than children without asthma [21.7 ng/mL versus 26.5 ng/mL, SMD = -1.36, 95% CI = -2.40 to -0.32, p = 0.010].

The investigators found, besides, children with asthma treated with vitamin D supplement had a significantly lower recurrence rate of 65% than the placebo group [18.4% versus 35.9%, RR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.35 to 0.79, p = 0.002].

The investigators concluded that children with asthma have a lower 25(OH)D level than healthy children. Vitamin D supplement could decrease the asthma recurrence rate in the follow-up years.

Original title:
Vitamin D and asthma occurrence in children: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Wang Q, Ying Q, [...], Chen J.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34366195/

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Low vitamin D level increases acne

Objectives:
Vitamin D deficiency is frequently associated with several medical conditions. However, a comprehensive meta-analysis assessing the association between vitamin D level and acne is lacking. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does a low vitamin D level (expressed as circulating 25(OH)D levels) increase risk of both acne and acne severity?

Study design:
This review article included 13 articles with a total of 1,362 acne patients and 1,081 healthy controls (persons without acne).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that the circulating 25(OH)D levels were significantly lower in patients with acne than in healthy controls [pooled MD = -9.02 ng/mL, 95% CI = -13.22 to -4.81, p 0.0001].

The investigators found that vitamin D deficiency was more prevalent in acne patients than in healthy controls [pooled OR = 2.97, 95% CI = 1.68 to 5.23, I2 = 72%].

The investigators found that vitamin D levels were negatively correlated with acne severity.

The investigators concluded that the vitamin D levels are low in acne patients. Also, there is evidence of an inverse association between vitamin D levels and acne severity. Therefore, vitamin D might be involved in the pathogenesis (the manner of development of a disease) of acne.

Original title:
Association between Vitamin D Level and Acne, and Correlation with Disease Severity: A Meta-Analysis by Hasamoh Y, Thadanipon K, […], Juntongjin P.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34348293/

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Chair-based exercise programmes improve upper extremity and lower extremity function in older adults

Objectives:
Do chair-based exercise programmes improve upper extremity and lower extremity function in older adults?

Study design:
This review article included 25 studies with a total of 1,388 participants.
19 studies were randomised controlled trials (RCTs).

The chair exercises included chair-based yoga, seated tai chi and rocking chair. The interventions lasted between 2 and 72 weeks, with the most common duration being 12 weeks, delivering 2 to 14 sessions per week. Sessions lasted between 15 and 110 minutes.

There was considerably heterogeneity in the age range of participants included.
The mean age of participants in studies ranges from 55 to 88 years.
17 studies had a low risk of bias and 5 had a high risk of bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that chair-based exercise programmes significantly improved upper extremity [handgrip strength: MD = 2.10, 95% CI = 0.76 to 3.43, I2 = 42% and 30 s arm curl test: MD = 2.82, 95% CI = 1.34 to 4.31, I2 = 71%] and lower extremity function [30 s chair stand: MD = 2.25, 95% CI = 0.64 to 3.86, I2 = 62%].

The investigators found no significant differences in the Berg balance scale, timed up and go test or gait speed between the intervention and control groups. Similarly, no significant differences were observed for self-reported activities of daily living or for falls efficacy, which were analyzed using standardised mean difference between the intervention and control groups as there were different instruments used to measure each outcome.

The investigators concluded that chair-based exercise programmes improve upper extremity (handgrip strength and 30 s arm curl test) and lower extremity (30 s chair stand) function in older adults. These changes are observed in short (12 weeks) and medium term (12 weeks to 6 months) interventions.

Original title:
The Effect of Chair-Based Exercise on Physical Function in Older Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Klempel N, Blackburn NE, […], Tully MA.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7920319/

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Upper extremity is part of the body that includes the arm, wrist and hand.
Lower extremity refers to the part of the body from the hip to the toes.

Selenium supplementation decreases hs-CRP level among patients with metabolic diseases

Objectives:
Selenium (Se) is a trace element having significant effects on human metabolism. Recent studies suggest that selenium supplementation have a pivotal effect on the inflammatory markers. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does selenium supplementation reduce plasma inflammatory markers including C-reactive protein (CRP) and high-sensitivity C-reactive protein (hs-CRP) and nitric oxide (NO) as a stress oxidative index, among patients with metabolic diseases?

Study design:
This review article included 7 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found subgroup analysis of CRP type showed that selenium supplementation significantly decreased hs-CRP level [pooled SMD = -0.44, 95% CI = -0.67 to -0.21] among patients with metabolic diseases.

The investigators concluded that selenium supplementation decreases hs-CRP level among patients with metabolic diseases.

Original title:
The effects of dietary selenium supplementation on inflammatory markers among patients with metabolic diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Djalalinia S, Hasani M, […], Qorbani M.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34222098/

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