Nutrition and health

Objectives:
What is the relationship between intake of 12 major food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D)?

Study design:
This review article included prospective cohort studies.
The 12 major food groups are whole grains, refined grains, vegetables, fruits, nuts, legumes, eggs, dairy, fish, red meat, processed meat and sugar-sweetened beverages (SSB).

The meta-evidence was graded "low" for legumes and nuts; "moderate" for refined grains, vegetables, fruit, eggs, dairy and fish; and "high" for processed meat, red meat, whole grains and sugar-sweetened beverages.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found 6 out of the 12 food-groups showed a significant relation with risk of type 2 diabetes; 3 of them a decrease of risk with increasing consumption (whole grains, fruits and dairy) and 3 an increase of risk with increasing consumption (red meat, processed meat and sugar-sweetened beverages) in the linear dose-response meta-analysis.

The investigators found evidence of a non-linear relationship between fruits, vegetables, processed meat, whole grains and sugar-sweetened beverages and type 2 diabetes risk.

The investigators found optimal consumption of risk-decreasing foods resulted in a 42% reduction and consumption of risk-increasing foods was associated with a threefold type 2 diabetes risk, compared to non-consumption.

The meta-evidence was graded "low" for legumes and nuts; "moderate" for refined grains, vegetables, fruit, eggs, dairy and fish; and "high" for processed meat, red meat, whole grains, and sugar-sweetened beverages. Among the investigated food groups, selecting specific optimal intakes can lead to a considerable change in risk of type 2 diabetes.

The investigators concluded that a higher consumption of whole grains, fruits and dairy products reduces type 2 diabetes risk, while a higher consumption of red meat, processed meat and sugar-sweetened beverages increases type 2 diabetes risk.

Original title:
Food groups and risk of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies by Schwingshackl L, Hoffmann G, […], Boeing H.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28397016

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on consumption of meat, fruit, dairy products and nuts and type 2 diabetes right here.

Objectives:
Olive oil (OO) as food is composed mainly of fatty acids and bioactive compounds depending from the extraction method. Both had been discussed as health promoting with still open questions. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Does olive oil intake reduce risk of type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 4 cohort studies including 15,784 type 2 diabetes cases and 29 intervention trials.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found the highest olive oil intake category showed a 16% reduced risk of type 2 diabetes [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.77, 0.92) compared with the lowest. The reduced risk was significant.

The investigators found evidence for a nonlinear relationship between olive oil intake and the reduced risk of type 2 diabetes.

The investigators found in patients with type 2 diabetes that olive oil supplementation resulted in a significantly more pronounced reduction in HbA1c [MD = -0.27%, 95% CI = -0.37 to -0.17] and fasting plasma glucose [MD = -0.44 mmol/L, 95% CI = -0.66 to -0.22] as compared with the control groups.

The investigators concluded that the intake of olive oil is beneficial for the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes. This conclusion regards olive oil as food and might not been valid for single components comprising this food.

Original title:
Olive oil in the prevention and management of type 2 diabetes mellitus: a systematic review and meta-analysis of cohort studies and intervention trials by Schwingshackl L, Lampousi AM, […], Boeing H1.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28394365

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on olive oil intake and diabetes right here.

Objectives:
Nutrition therapy is an integral part of self-management education in patients with type 2 diabetes. Carbohydrates with a low glycemic index are recommended, but the ideal amount of carbohydrate in the diet is unclear. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Has carbohydrate restriction (below 45 En% carbohydrate) beneficial effects on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 10 RCTs. In total, 1,376 subjects with type 2 diabetes were included in this analysis. Forty-nine percent were male and the average age was 58 years. The majority were obese; mean BMI ranged from 26 kg/m² in an Asian population to 37 kg/m² in an American population.

The duration of the intervention varied from 3 to 24 months.

The average predefined targets for the assigned carbohydrate restriction were 25 En% (range 14-40 En%). The average reported intake was 30 En% (range 14-45 En%) after 3 or 6 months of intervention and 38 En% (range 27-45 En%) at 1 year (5 trials).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found following a carbohydrate diet of 30 En% (range 14-45 En%) during 3 to 6 months significantly reduced HbA1c level of patients with type 2 diabetes with 0.34% [95% CI = 0.06 to 0.63] compared with a diet of 45-60 En% carbohydrate (high-carbohydrate diet).
Owing to heterogeneity, however, the quality of the evidence for this is only moderate. However, at 1 year or later, HbA1c level (seven trials included) was similar in the two groups.

The investigators found the greater the carbohydrate restriction, the greater the glucose-lowering effect [R = -0.85, p 0.01].

The investigators found the effect of the 2 types of diet on BMI/body weight, LDL cholesterol, QoL and attrition rate was similar throughout interventions.

The investigators concluded that carbohydrate restriction (below 45 En% carbohydrate) has a greater effect on glycemic control in type 2 diabetes than an high-carbohydrate diet in the short term. The magnitude of the effect was correlated to the carbohydrate intake, the greater the restriction, the greater glucose lowering, a relationship that has not been demonstrated earlier. However, in the long term, the glucose-lowering effect of high-carbohydrate diet (HCD) and low-carbohydrate diets (LCD) was similar.

Original title:
Systematic review and meta-analysis of dietary carbohydrate restriction in patients with type 2 diabetes by Snorgaard O, Poulsen GM, [...], Astrup A.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5337734/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on carbohydrates and diabetes right here.

Objectives:
Randomised controlled trials (RCTs) have observed contrasting results on the effects of vitamin C on circulating biomarkers of glycaemic and insulin regulation. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Has vitamin C supplementation a favorable effect on circulating biomarkers of glycaemic and insulin regulation?

Study design:
This review article included 22 RCTs with 937 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found overall, vitamin C supplementation did not modify glucose, HbA1c and insulin concentrations.

The investigators found, however, subgroup analyses showed that vitamin C supplementation significantly reduced glucose concentrations with 0.44 mmol/L [95% CI = -0.81 to -0.07, p =0.01] in patients with type 2 diabetes and in interventions with a duration greater than 30 days [-0.53%, 95% CI = -0.79 to -0.10, p = 0.02].

The investigators found vitamin C administration had greater effects on fasting [-13.63 pmol/L, 95% CI = -22.73 to -4.54, p 0.01] compared to postprandial insulin concentration. However, meta-regression analyses showed that age was a modifier of the effect of vitamin C on insulin concentration.

The investigators found the effect size of vitamin C supplementation was associated with baseline BMI and plasma glucose levels and with the duration of the intervention.

The investigators concluded vitamin C supplementation has greater reduction in glucose concentrations in patients with type 2 diabetes, older individuals and with more prolonged supplementation (greater than 30 days). Personalized interventions with vitamin C may represent a feasible future strategy to enhance benefits and efficacy of interventions. Nevertheless, results need to be interpreted cautiously due to limitations in the primary studies.

Original title:
Effects of vitamin C supplementation on glycaemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials by Ashor AW, Werner AD, […], Siervo M.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28294172

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on vitamin C and diabetes right here.

Objectives:
Does magnesium supplementation reduce risk of cardiovascular disease among diabetic subjects?

Study design:
This review article included RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found magnesium supplementation significantly improved fasting plasma glucose with 4.641 mg/dL [WMD = -4.641 mg/dL, 95% CI = -7.602 to -1.680, p = 0.002]. A more beneficial effect of magnesium supplementation was observed in diabetic subjects with hypomagnesaemia.

The investigators found magnesium supplementation significantly improved high-density lipoprotein (HDL or good cholesterol) with 3.197 mg/dL [WMD = 3.197 mg/dL, 95% CI = 1.455 to 4.938, p 0.001]. A more beneficial effect of magnesium supplementation was observed in diabetic subjects with hypomagnesaemia.

The investigators found magnesium supplementation significantly improved low-density lipoprotein (LDL or bad cholesterol) with 10.668 mg/dL [WMD = -10.668 mg/dL, 95% CI = -19.108 to -2.228, p = 0.013]. A more beneficial effect of magnesium supplementation was observed in diabetic subjects with hypomagnesaemia.

The investigators found magnesium supplementation significantly improved plasma triglycerides with 15.323 mg/dL [WMD = -15.323 mg/dL, 95% CI = -28.821 to -1.826, p = 0.026]. A more beneficial effect of magnesium supplementation was observed in diabetic subjects with hypomagnesaemia.

The investigators found magnesium supplementation significantly improved systolic blood pressure with 3.056 mmHg [WMD = 3.056 mmHg, 95% CI = -5.509 to -0.603, p = 0.015]. A more beneficial effect of magnesium supplementation was observed in diabetic subjects with hypomagnesaemia.

The investigators concluded magnesium supplementation has a favourable effect on risk factors of cardiovascular diseases. Although future large RCTs are needed for making robust guidelines for clinical practice.

Original title:
Effect of magnesium supplementation on type 2 diabetes associated cardiovascular risk factors: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Verma H and Garg R.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28150351

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on cardiovascular diseases, cholesterol and magnesium right here.

Objectives:
Is there an association between serum non-ceruloplasmin copper and Alzheimer's disease risk?

Study design:
This review article included studies carried out from 1996 until March 2013.

Ten studies were analyzed in the meta-analysis for Non-Cp copper and % Non-Cp copper reaching a pooled total of 599 Alzheimer's disease subjects and 867 controls.
For Adj-Cp copper, 14 studies were analyzed with a pooled total of 879 Alzheimer's disease subjects and 1712 controls.
27 studies were considered for systemic total copper meta-analysis, with a pooled total of 1393 Alzheimer's disease subjects and 2159 controls.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found all copper indices analyzed were significantly higher in Alzheimer's disease subjects compared to healthy controls.

The investigators concluded serum non-ceruloplasmin copper is higher in Alzheimer's disease.

Original title:
Meta-analysis of serum non-ceruloplasmin copper in Alzheimer's disease by Squitti R, Simonelli I, […], Bush AI.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24072069

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more studies/information on elderly and copper.

Objectives:
Does DHA, alone or combined with EPA, contribute to improved memory function in older adults with mild memory complaints?

Study design:
This review article included 15 intervention trials and 13 observational studies. Most intervention trials were conducted with subjects ≥ 45 years of age (n = 11). The majority of studies were conducted in subjects without cognitive complaints (n = 9) and ranged from 28-730 days in duration, averaging 4-6 months.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found episodic memory of subjects with mild memory complaints significantly improved in response to DHA supplementation, alone or in combination with EPA [p 0.004].

The investigators found regardless of cognitive status at baseline, >1 g/day DHA/EPA significantly improved episodic memory of subjects with mild memory complaints [p 0.04].

The investigators found there was a trend for episodic memory improvement in response to supplementation in subjects 45 years or older [p 0.058].

The investigators found DHA intake above the mean DHA level studied (580 mg/day) significantly improved episodic memory in all subjects [p 0.009] and in subjects with mild memory complaints [p 0.019]. Significant means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found observational studies supported a beneficial association between intake/blood levels of DHA/EPA and memory function in older adults.

The investigators concluded DHA (>580 mg/day), alone or combined with EPA (>1 g/day DHA/EPA), contributes to improved memory function in older adults (45 years or older) with mild memory complaints.

Original title:
Docosahexaenoic Acid and Adult Memory: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Yurko-Mauro K, Alexander DD and Van Elswyk ME.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4364972/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more studies/information on elderly and EPA&DHA.

This meal provides at least 580 mg DHA.
1 g/day DHA/EPA corresponds to meals providing 4 days of DHA&EPA.

Episodic memory is the type of long-term, declarative memory in which we store memories of personal experiences that are tied to particular times and places.
Some examples of episodic memory:

• Your skiing vacation last winter;
• The first time you traveled by airplane;
• Your first high school day.

Objectives:
The conclusions from epidemiological studies are controversial between apple and pear consumption and type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM) risk. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Study design:
This review article included a total of 5 independent prospective cohort studies with 14,120 T2DM incident cases among 228,315 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found consumption of apples and pears was associated with 18% reduction in type 2 diabetes mellitus risk [multivariate-adjusted relative risk = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.75-0.88, I2 = 0.00%] when comparing the highest versus lowest category.

The investigators found dose-response analysis showed that one serving per week increment of apple and pear consumption was associated with a 3% [95% CI = 0.96-0.98, p for trend 0.001] reduction in type 2 diabetes mellitus risk.

The investigators concluded a higher consumption of apples and pears; at least one serving per week reduces type 2 diabetes mellitus risk.

Original title:
Apple and pear consumption and type 2 diabetes mellitus risk: a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Guo XF, Yang B, […], Li D.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28186516

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on fruit consumption and diabetes right here.

The standard serving size is a 1/2 cup of sliced fruit. A medium pear produces approximately 1 cup of fruit; so an average medium pear equals two fruit servings.
1 small apple = 1 serving.
 

Objectives:
Does niacine supplementation reduce blood lipids levels in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Study design:
This review article included randomized controlled trials.

The meta-analysis showed the absence of publication bias and any dose-response relations between niacin and effect size.

There was a significant heterogeneity for the impact of niacin on LDL cholesterol and fasting plasma glucose.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found niacin supplementation significantly increased HDL cholesterol with 0.27 mmol/L [95% CI = 0.24 to 0.30, p 0.001] in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The investigators found niacin supplementation significantly reduced LDL cholesterol with 0.250 mmol/L [95% CI = -0.47 to -0.03, p 0.05] in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The investigators found niacin supplementation significantly reduced triglycerides with 0.39 mmol/L [95% CI = -0.43 to -0.34, p 0.001] in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The investigators found niacin supplementation significantly increased fasting plasma glucose with 0.085 mmol/L [95% CI = 0.029 to 0.141, p 0.05] compared with controls in patients with long term treatment.

The investigators concluded niacin alone or in combination improves lipid abnormalities in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus, but requires monitoring of glucose in long term treatment.

Original title:
Effect of niacin on lipids and glucose in patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized, controlled clinical trials by Ding Y, Li Y and Wen A.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25306426

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information on niacin (vitamin B3) and diabetes.

Objectives:
Observational studies suggest an association between dietary fiber intake and risk of type 2 diabetes, but the results are inconclusive. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does dietary fiber intake reduce risk of type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 17 prospective cohort studies of dietary fiber intake and risk of type 2 diabetes involving 19,033 cases and 488,293 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found total dietary fiber intake significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with 19% [combined RR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.73-0.90].

The investigators found dietary cereal fiber intake significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with 23% [combined RR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.69-0.85].

The investigators found dietary fruit fiber intake significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with 6% [combined RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.88-0.99].

The investigators found dietary insoluble fiber intake significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with 25% [combined RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.63-0.89].

The investigators found a nonlinear relationship of total dietary fiber intake with risk of type 2 diabetes [p for nonlinearity 0.01].

The investigators found dietary fiber intake of 15g per day non-significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with 2% [combined RR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.90-1.06].

The investigators found dietary fiber intake of 20g per day non-significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with 3% [combined RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.87-1.07].

The investigators found dietary fiber intake of 25g per day significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with 11% [combined RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80-0.99].

The investigators found dietary fiber intake of 30g per day significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with 24% [combined RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.65-0.88].

The investigators found dietary fiber intake of 35g per day significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with 34% [combined RR = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.53-0.82].

The investigators found that the risk of type 2 diabetes decreased by 6% [combined RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.93-0.96] for 2 g/day increment in cereal fiber intake.

The investigators concluded that the intakes of dietary fiber, at least 25g total dietary fiber intake per day reduce risk of type 2 diabetes.

Original title:
Dietary fiber intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a dose–response analysis of prospective studies by Yao B, Fang H, […], Zhao Y.

Link:
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-013-9876-x

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information on fiber and type 2 diabetes right here.

Objectives:
Increased consumption of fruit and vegetables has been shown to be associated with a reduced risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in many epidemiological studies; although sometimes the results are inconsistent. Moreover, the strength of the favorable relation remains uncertain due to the differences in sample selections, methodological approaches, analytical techniques and outcome definitions. Therefore, this meta-analysis (review article) has been conducted.

Does an increased consumption of fruit and vegetables reduce risk of cognitive impairment and dementia?

Study design:
This review article included 5 cohort studies and 4 cross-sectional studies with a total of 31,104 participants and 4,583 incident cases of cognitive impairment and dementia.

There was no potential publication bias in the meta-analysis and the dose-response meta-analysis.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found an increased consumption of fruit and vegetables was associated with a significant reduction of 20% in the risk of cognitive impairment and dementia [OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.71-0.89, I2 = 55.2%, p = 0.005].

The investigators found subgroup analyses showed an inverse association between fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of cognitive impairment and dementia in participants with mean age over 65 years [OR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.71-0.91] and combined sexes [OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.66-0.78]. However, studies from the United States and with full marks of study quality score did not show statistical significances.

The investigators found dose-response meta-analysis showed that an increment of 100g per day of fruit and vegetable consumption was related to a 13% [OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.77-0.99, I2 = 39.8%, p = 0.173] reduction in cognitive impairment and dementia risk.

The investigators concluded that an increased consumption of fruit and vegetables, at least 100g per day of fruit and vegetable consumption is associated with a reduced risk of cognitive impairment and dementia.

Original title:
Increased Consumption of Fruit and Vegetables Is Related to a Reduced Risk of Cognitive Impairment and Dementia: Meta-Analysis by Jiang X, Huang J, [...], Zhang Z.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5293796/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on elderly and consumption of fruit and vegetables right here.
 

Objectives:
The association between serum folate and vitamin B12 levels and the risk of diabetic peripheral neuropathy (DPN) remains unclear. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Do reduced serum levels of folate and vitamin B12 increase peripheral neuropathy risk among patients with type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 16 studies of serum folate levels (1190 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and 1501 patients without diabetic peripheral neuropathy) and 18 studies of serum vitamin B12 levels (1239 patients with diabetic peripheral neuropathy and 1562 patients without diabetic peripheral neuropathy) in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus (T2DM).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found reduced serum levels of folate in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy compared with patients with type 2 diabetes but without diabetic peripheral neuropathy [WMD = -1.64, 95% CI = -2.46 to -0.81].
A subgroup analysis confirmed this association in the Chinese population, but not in the Caucasian and mixed populations.

The investigators found reduced serum levels of vitamin B12 in patients with type 2 diabetes and diabetic peripheral neuropathy compared with patients with type 2 diabetes but without diabetic peripheral neuropathy [WMD = -70.86, 95% CI = -101.55 to -40.17].
A subgroup analysis confirmed this association in the Chinese population, but not in the Caucasian and mixed populations.

The investigators concluded reduced serum levels of folate and vitamin B12 increase peripheral neuropathy risk among patients with type 2 diabetes. These findings support the need for further controlled studies in defined patient populations and the importance of monitoring serum folate and vitamin B12 levels in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Original title:
Serum folate, vitamin B12 levels and diabetic peripheral neuropathy in type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis by Wang D, Zhai JX and Liu DW.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28081987

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on diabetes, folate and vitamin B12 right here.

Diabetic peripheral neuropathy is a long-term complication of diabetes. Exposure to high blood glucose levels over an extended period of time causes damage to the peripheral nerves; the nerves that go to the arms, hands, legs and feet. It is one of many complications associated with diabetes, with nearly 60 percent of diabetics having some form of nerve damage.

Objectives:
Is there an association between individual micronutrients and blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 11 RCTs (13 interventions, 723 patients with type 2 diabetes and ages ranging from 50.7 to 66.8 years and 54% of them were males. The duration of diabetes varied from 4.6 to 8.6 years) with 3 to 52 weeks of follow-up were classified according to the type of micronutrient intervention: sodium (n = 1), vitamin C (n = 2), vitamin D (n = 7) and magnesium (n = 1).
Only a meta-analysis of vitamin C and D was able to perform with the available data.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found vitamin C significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure of patients with type 2 diabetes with 2.88mmHg [WMD = -2.88 mmHg, 95% CI = -5.31 to -0.46, p = 0.020].
However, vitamin C not significantly reduced systolic blood pressure [WMD = -3.93mmHg, 95% CI = -14.78 to 6.92, p = 0.478].
Significant means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found vitamin D significantly reduced diastolic blood pressure of patients with type 2 diabetes with 2.44mmHg [WMD = -2.44 mmHg, 95% CI = -3.49 to -1.39, p  0.001].

The investigators found vitamin D significantly reduced systolic blood pressure of patients with type 2 diabetes with 4.56mmHg [WMD = -4.56 mmHg, 95% CI = -7.65 to -1.47, p = 0.004].

The investigators concluded vitamin D and possibly vitamin C have beneficial effects on blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes. Therefore, these interventions might represent a novel approach to the treatment of hypertension in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Original title:
Effects of individual micronutrients on blood pressure in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials by de Paula TP, Kramer CK, [...], Azevedo MJ.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5233957/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on diabetes and vitamin C and D right here.

Objectives:
Data on the longitudinal association of walking pace with the risk of cognitive decline and dementia are inconsistent and inconclusive. Therefore, this meta-analysis (review) of prospective cohort studies has been conducted.

Does walking pace reduce risk of cognitive decline or dementia in elderly populations?

Study design:
This review article included 17 prospective cohort studies, including 10 studies reporting the RR of cognitive decline (9,949 participants and 2,547 events) and 10 presenting the RR of dementia (14,140 participants and 1,903 events).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found for the lowest comparing to the highest category of walking pace, a significant increased risk of 89% [pooled RR = 1.89, 95% CI = 1.54-2.31] for cognitive decline in elderly populations.

The investigators found for the lowest comparing to the highest category of walking pace, a significant increased risk of 66% [pooled RR = 1.66, 95% CI = 1.43-1.92] for dementia in elderly populations.

The investigators found with every 1 dm/s (360 m/h) decrement in walking pace, the risk of dementia was significantly increased by 13% [RR = 1.13, 95% CI = 1.08-1.18].

The investigators concluded that slow or decreased walking pace is associated with elevated risk of cognitive decline and dementia in elderly populations.

Original title:
Walking Pace and the Risk of Cognitive Decline and Dementia in Elderly Populations: A Meta-analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies by Quan M, Xun P, [...], He K.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/27927757

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about elderly and sport nutrition.

According to WHO in order to improve cardiorespiratory and muscular fitness, bone and functional health, reduce the risk of NCDs, depression and cognitive decline:

• Older adults (aged 65 and above) should do at least 150 minutes of moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or do at least 75 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity throughout the week or an equivalent combination of moderate- and vigorous-intensity activity.
• Aerobic activity should be performed in bouts of at least 10 minutes duration.
• For additional health benefits, older adults should increase their moderate-intensity aerobic physical activity to 300 minutes per week, or engage in 150 minutes of vigorous-intensity aerobic physical activity per week, or an equivalent combination of moderate-and vigorous-intensity activity.
• Older adults, with poor mobility, should perform physical activity to enhance balance and prevent falls on 3 or more days per week.
• Muscle-strengthening activities, involving major muscle groups, should be done on 2 or more days a week.
• When older adults cannot do the recommended amounts of physical activity due to health conditions, they should be as physically active as their abilities and conditions allow.