Nutrition and health

Objectives:
The efficacy of n-3 fatty acids supplementation on the prevention of pregnancy-induced hypertension or preeclampsia remains unclear. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Does n-3 fatty acids supplementation (EPA and/or DHA and/or ALA) decrease risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension and preeclampsia during pregnancy?

Study design:
This review article included 14 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that n-3 fatty acids supplementation significantly reduced risk of preeclampsia with 18% [RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.70 to 0.97, p = 0.024. I2 = 19.0%].
However, n-3 fatty acids supplementation did not associated with a reduced risk of pregnancy-induced hypertension [RR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.90 to 1.07, p = 0.652, I2 = 0%].

The investigators concluded n-3 fatty acids supplementation (EPA and/or DHA and/or ALA)  reduces risk of preeclampsia during pregnancy.

Original title:
Efficacy of n-3 fatty acids supplementation on the prevention of pregnancy induced-hypertension or preeclampsia: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Bakouei F, Delavar MA, […], Taheri Z.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32039806

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Find more information/studies on n-3 fatty acids, hypertension and pregnancy right here.

 

Objectives:
Does dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) supplementation improve the outcomes of in vitro fertilization (IVF) or intracytoplasmic sperm injection (ICSI) in women with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) and/or poor ovarian response (POR)?

Study design:
This review article included 9 RCTs, published between 2010 and 2017.
The sample sizes ranged from 24 to 208, with a total of 862 patients.
All of included patients had been diagnosed with diminished ovarian reserve (DOR) and/or poor ovarian response (POR).

The treatment intervention was 75 mg daily DHEA versus placebo.

The lack of significant asymmetry of funnel plot indicated the lack of potential publication bias in the included studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in a pooled analysis using the random effects model revealed a statistically significant increase in retrieved oocytes in the DHEA group, compared to the control group [MD = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.23 -1.59, p = 0.009, I2  = 53%, p = 0.06].

The investigators found in 8 studies (405 in the DHEA group and 415 in the control group) a statistically significant increase in the clinical pregnancy rate in the DHEA group compared to the control group [RR = 1.27, 95% CI = 1.01 -1.61, p = 0.04, I2 = 0%, p = 0.57].

The investigators found in 5 studies (189 in the DHEA group and 190 in the control group) a statistically significant increase in the live birth rate in the DHEA group, compared to the control group [RR = 1.76, 95% CI = 1.17 -2.63, p = 0.006, I2  = 0%, p = 0.43].

The investigators found in 3 studies (96 in the DHEA group and 99 in the control group) no significant difference in the miscarriage rates between the DHEA and control groups [RR = 0.37, 95% CI = 0.12-1.13, p = 0.08, I2 = 25%, p = 0.26].

The investigators concluded 75 mg daily DHEA supplementation increases the retrieved oocytes, clinical pregnancy rate and live birth rate in women with diminished ovarian reserve and/or poor ovarian response, who are undergoing in vitro fertilization or intracytoplasmic sperm injection.

Original title:
The Effect of Dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) Supplementation on IVF or ICSI: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Xu L, Hu C, […], Li Y.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6620181/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on pregnancy right here.

Your body naturally produces the hormone dehydroepiandrosterone (DHEA) in the adrenal gland. In turn, DHEA helps produce other hormones, like testosterone and estrogen. Natural dehydroepiandrosterone levels peak in early adulthood and then slowly fall as you age.

 

Objectives:
Free fatty acids, also known as nonesterified fatty acids, are proinflammatory molecules that induce insulin resistance in nonpregnant individuals. Nevertheless, the concentration of these molecules has not been systematically addressed in pregnant women. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do higher plasma levels of free fatty acids increase risk of gestational diabetes mellitus?

Study design:
This review article included 12 case-control studies with a total of 2,426 women, from these, 21% (507/2,426) had a diagnosis of having gestational diabetes.

The mean gestational age at inclusion was 30.3 weeks of gestation.
The mean maternal age was 29 years.
No significant publication bias was found nor a trend towards greater results in small studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in random-effects model, when compared to controls, women with gestational diabetes had higher levels of free fatty acids [SMD = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.54-1.18, p 0.001, I2 = 91%].
Pooled results showed higher plasma levels of free fatty acid among women with gestational diabetes mellitus during the second trimester of pregnancy [SMD = 1.05 vs. 0.75].

The investigators found meta-regression analysis showed that the gestational age at inclusion was the only cofactor influencing the mean levels of free fatty acids, indicating a trend towards lower plasma levels of free fatty acids later in gestation [estimate = -0.074, 95% CI = -0.143 to -0.004, p = 0.036].

The investigators concluded that plasma levels of free fatty acids are higher in women diagnosed with gestational diabetes mellitus and that this difference is higher during the second trimester of pregnancy. However, more investigation is needed to assess the potential role of free fatty acids in the prediction of gestational diabetes earlier in pregnancy.

Original title:
Plasma Levels of Free Fatty Acids in Women with Gestational Diabetes and Its Intrinsic and Extrinsic Determinants: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Villafan-Bernal JR, Acevedo-Alba M, […], Martinez-Portilla RJ.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6721400/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on fatty acids and pregnancy right here.
 

Objectives:
Does strength training improve total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), C-reactive protein (CRP) and adiponectin levels of adults?

Study design:
This review article included clinical trials up to May 2017.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found strength training significantly reduced total cholesterol levels [ES = -0.399, p  0.001]. 

The investigators found strength training significantly reduced triglycerides levels [ES = -0.204, p = 0.002]. 

The investigators found strength training significantly reduced LDL cholesterol levels [ES = -0.451, p  0.001]. 

The investigators found strength training significantly reduced CRP levels [ES = -0.542, p = 0.01]. 

The investigators found strength training significantly increased HDL cholesterol levels [ES = 0.363, p  0.001]. 

The investigators found strength training significantly increased adiponectin levels [ES = 1.105, p = 0.01]. 

The investigators concluded strength training promotes decreases in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (also called bad cholesterol), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (also called good cholesterol) and adiponectin levels of adults. Thus, progressive strength training could be a potential therapeutic option for improving abnormalities in lipid and inflammatory outcomes in adults.

Original title:
Effect of Strength Training on Lipid and Inflammatory Outcomes: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression by Costa RR, Buttelli ACK, […], Kruel LFM.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31023184

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Find here more information/studies cholesterol and sport nutrition.

Objectives:
Creatine supplements are intended to improve performance, but there are indications that it can overwhelm liver and kidney functions, reduce the quality of life and increase mortality. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does creatine supplementation increase risk of renal damage?

Study design:
This review article included 15 studies in the qualitative analysis and 6 studies in the quantitative analysis.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found creatine supplementation did not significantly increase serum creatinine levels [standardized mean difference = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.24-0.73, p = 0.001, I2 = 22%].

The investigators found creatine supplementation did not significantly increase plasma urea values [standardized mean difference = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.34-1.85, p = 0.004, I2 = 28%].
The investigators concluded that creatine supplementation does not induce renal damage in the studied amounts and durations.

Original title:
Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Renal Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by de Souza ESA, Pertille A, […], de Oliveira JJ.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31375416

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies on kidney disease and creatine.

Objectives:
Maternal folic acid supplementation is considered mandatory in almost every country in the world to prevent congenital malformations. However, little is known about the association of maternal folic acid intake with the occurrence of childhood cancer. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does maternal folic acid supplementation during pregnancy reduce risk of childhood cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 17 case-control studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in random-effects model, maternal folic acid supplementation during pregnancy significantly reduced risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia with 25% [OR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.66 to 0.86].
Significantly because OR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 0.66 to 0.86. OR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found in random-effects model, there was no significant association between maternal folic acid supplementation during pregnancy and acute myeloid leukaemia [OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.46 to 1.06] or childhood brain tumours [OR = 1.02, 95% CI = 0.88 to 1.19].
No significant because OR of 1 was found in the 95% CI of 0.88 to 1.19. OR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators concluded maternal folic acid supplementation during pregnancy reduces risk of childhood acute lymphoblastic leukaemia. Thus, healthcare professionals are recommended to provide regular health education and health promotion to the community on the benefits of folic acid supplementation during pregnancy.

Original title:
The Protective Effect of Maternal Folic Acid Supplementation on Childhood Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Case-control Studies by Wan Ismail WR, Abdul Rahman R, […],Nawi AM.

Link:
https://www.jpmph.org/journal/view.php?doi=10.3961/jpmph.19.020

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on folic acid and pregnancy right here.
 

Objectives:
Does calcium supplement with or without other drugs reduce risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension?

Study design:
This review article included 27 RCTs, with 28,492 pregnant women.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found calcium supplement significantly reduced risk of preeclampsia with 49% [RR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.40 to 0.64].

The investigators found calcium supplement significantly reduced risk of gestational hypertension with 30% [RR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.60 to 0.82].

The investigators found sub-analyses revealed high-dose (1.2-2 g/day), moderate-dose (0.6-1.2 g/day) and low-dose (0.6 g/day) of calcium supplement significantly reduced risk of preeclampsia.

The investigators found sub-analyses revealed high-dose (1.2-2 g/day) and moderate-dose (0.6-1.2 g/day) of calcium supplement significantly reduced risk of gestational hypertension.

The investigators concluded high-dose (1.2-2 g/day) and moderate-dose (0.6-1.2 g/day) of calcium supplement reduced both risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. However, further studies with direct comparison of different dose of calcium supplementation are needed to explore the ideal dose of calcium supplementation to prevent preeclampsia and gestational hypertension.

Original title:
The association between calcium supplement and preeclampsia and gestational hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials by Sun X, Li H, [...], Zhang X.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30935246

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Find more information/studies on calcium and pregnancy right here.

 

Objectives:
The role of chromium as a weight loss agent remains questionable and although previous meta-analyses findings have reported small reductions in body weight in individuals with overweight/obesity following chromium supplementation, there have been significant limitations with these findings. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do individuals with overweight/obesity benefit from chromium supplementation?

Study design:
This review article included 21 RCTs with a total of 1,316 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found pooled analysis showed significant reductions in anthropometric indices associated with body composition for:
-weight loss [WMD = -0.75 kg, 95% CI = -1.04 to -0.45, p  0.001];
-body mass index (BMI) [WMD = -0.40, 95% CI = -0.66 to -0.13, p = 0.003] and;
-body fat percentage [WMD = -0.68%, 95% CI = -1.32 to -0.03, p = 0.04] in individuals with overweight/obesity following chromium supplementation. No changes were detected in controls.

The investigators found subgroup analysis showed significant improvements in weight loss and body fat percentage, particularly for study durations ≤12 weeks and doses ≤400 μg/d chromium.

The investigators concluded ≤400 μg/d chromium supplementation during ≤12 weeks is associated with some improvements in body composition in subjects with obesity/overweight. The effect size was medium and the clinical relevance of chromium as a weight loss aid remains uncertain. Therefore, further investigation from larger and well-designed randomized controlled studies, especially in patients with diabetes, is warranted.

Original title:
A meta-analysis of the effect of chromium supplementation on anthropometric indices of subjects with overweight or obesity by Tsang C, Taghizadeh M, […], Jafarnejad S.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31115179

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on chromium and obesity/overweight right here.

Objectives:
Studies have shown that creatine supplementation increases intramuscular creatine concentrations, favoring the energy system of phosphagens, which may help explain the observed improvements in high-intensity exercise performance. However, research on physical performance in soccer has shown controversial results, in part because the energy system used is not taken into account. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does creatine supplementation improve physical performance in soccer players?

Study design:
This review article included 9 RCTs with a total sample of 168 soccer players (118 males, 50 females) with an average age of 20.3 ± 2.0 years (from 15 to 30 years, as an average for the experimental sample).

The meta-analysis was performed using the random effects model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) (Hedges's g).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that creatine supplementation did not present beneficial effects on aerobic performance tests [SMD = -0.05, 95% CI = -0.37 to 0.28, p = 0.78] and phosphagen metabolism performance tests (strength, single jump, single sprint and agility tests: SMD = 0.21, 95% CI = -0.03 to 0.45, p = 0.08].

The investigators found, however, creatine supplementation showed beneficial effects on anaerobic performance tests [SMD = 1.23, 95% CI = 0.55 to 1.91, p 0.001].
Concretely, creatine supplementation demonstrated a large and significant effect on Wingate test performance [SMD = 2.26, 95% CI = 1.40 to 3.11, p 0.001].

The investigators concluded creatine supplementation with a loading dose of 20-30 g/day, divided 3-4 times per day, ingested for 6 to 7 days and followed by 5 g/day for 9 weeks or with a low dose of 3 mg/kg/day for 14 days presents positive effects on improving physical performance tests related to anaerobic metabolism, especially anaerobic power, in soccer players.

Original title:
Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Athletic Performance in Soccer Players: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Mielgo-Ayuso J, Calleja-Gonzalez J, […], Fernández-Lázaro D.

Link:
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/4/757/htm

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about sport nutrition and creatine.

Objectives:
Epidemiological evidences regarding the association between physical activity and the risk of lung cancer are still controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does physical activity reduce risk of lung cancer?

Study design:
This review article included 20 cohort studies with a total of 2,965,811 participants and 31,807 lung cancer cases.

The study population were adults with age of >18 years.
Most studies were adjusted for major confounders including age, sex, smoking status and body mass index, etc.

The quality scores ranged from 5 to 9 with a median score of 8.
3 studies were evaluated with a score of 7 and others with a score of ≥7. Thus, the majority of the studies included in the meta-analysis were assessed as high-quality studies.

There might be little indication of publication bias in this meta-analysis.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found compared with the low level of physical activity, the high level of physical activity significantly reduced risk of lung cancer with 17% [pooled RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.77 to 0.90, I2 = 62.6%, p heterogeneity 0.001].

The investigators found in subgroup analyses, compared with the low level of physical activity, the high level of physical activity significantly reduced risk of lung cancer among women with 10% [pooled RR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.82 to 0.99].

The investigators found in subgroup analyses compared with the low level of physical activity, the high level of physical activity significantly reduced risk of lung cancer among men with 19% [pooled RR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.73 to 0.90].

The investigators found smokers with a high level of physical activity were associated with a 10% lower risk for lung cancer [RR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.97], while the association was not significant among non-smokers [RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.88 to 1.03].

Subgroups analysis stratified by whether the studies adjusted for smoking intensity and durations yielded the same magnitude of RR.

However, the RR for subgroups without adjustment for dietary factors was 0.74 [95% CI = 0.71 to 0.77], which was significantly lower than that with dietary factors adjusted [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.95].

The investigators found in sensitivity analyses, the pooled RRs ranged from 0.82 [95% CI = 0.76 to 0.89] to 0.86 [95% CI = 0.81 to 0.92]. The trend was generally similar with the overall analysis.

The investigators concluded a high level of physical activity reduces risk of lung cancer among smokers. Large interventional studies are expected to further verify these findings. If the inverse association, as well as the effect modification by smoking status, reflects a causal relation, future precision prevention of lung cancer by increased physical activity may be more effective when targeting to smokers rather than non-smokers.

Original title:
Association Between Physical Activity and Lower Risk of Lung Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies by Liu Y, Li Y, […], Fan XX.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6349707/

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Find here more information/studies about sport nutrition and cancer.

Objectives:
The threshold for population-level optimal red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration among women of reproductive age for the prevention of neural tube defects has been estimated at 906 nmol/L. However, the dose-response relationship between folic acid intake and blood folate concentrations is uncharacterized. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there dose-response relationship between folic acid intake and blood folate concentrations?

Study design:
This review article included 23 articles for red blood cell folate and by 97 articles for serum/plasma folate.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in 17 studies red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration increased 1.78 fold [95% CI = 1.66 to 1.93] from baseline to steady-state at 375-570 µg folic acid/day and it took a median of 36 weeks of folic acid intake [95% CI = 27 to 52] to achieve steady-state red blood cell folate concentrations.

The investigators found for every 100 µg/day folic acid intake, serum/plasma folate concentrations increased 11.6% [95% CI = 8.4 to 14.9] from baseline to steady-state, over a median of 13 weeks [95% CI = 10 to 16].

The investigators concluded that there is a dose-response relationship between folic acid intake and changes in blood folate concentrations. At 375-570 µg folic acid/day, red blood cell folate concentrations increase 1.78 fold from baseline to steady-state, over a median of 36 weeks. For every 100 µg/day folic acid intake, serum/plasma folate concentrations increase 11.6% from baseline to steady-state, over a median of 13 weeks. These results can inform how much additional folic acid intake is needed among populations of women whose red blood cell folate concentrations are below the optimal threshold.

Original title:
Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-analysis of the Dose-response Relationship between Folic Acid Intake and Changes in Blood Folate Concentrations by Crider KS, Devine O, […], Berry RJ.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6356991/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about pregnancy and folaat (also called folic acid).
 

Objectives:
Diverse studies have investigated the impact of prenatal exposure to vitamin D levels on brain development. However, evidence in humans has never been systematically reviewed. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Has a high prenatal vitamin D level positive effect on brain development of the born child?

Study design:
This review article included 25 studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found comparing with the lowest category of prenatal 25(OH)D levels (vitamin D level in blood), the highest prenatal 25(OH)D levels had no significant effects on cognition [pooled beta coefficients = 0.95, 95% CI = -0.03 to 1.93, p = 0.05].

The investigators found comparing with the lowest category of prenatal 25(OH)D levels (vitamin D level in blood), the highest prenatal 25(OH)D levels had no significant effects on psychomotor development [pooled beta coefficients = 0.88, 95% CI = -0.18 to 1.93, p = 0.10].

The investigators found comparing with the lowest category of prenatal 25(OH)D levels (vitamin D level in blood), the highest prenatal 25(OH)D levels significantly reduced risk of ADHD of the born child with 28% [pooled relative risk = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.59 to  0.89, p = 0.002].

The investigators found comparing with the lowest category of prenatal 25(OH)D levels (vitamin D level in blood), the highest prenatal 25(OH)D levels significantly reduced risk of autism-related traits of the born child with 58% [pooled odds ratio = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.25 to 0.71, p = 0.001].

The investigators found there was little evidence for protective effects of high prenatal 25(OH)D for language development and behaviour difficulties of the born child.

The investigators concluded this meta-analysis provides supporting evidence that increased prenatal exposure to 25(OH)D levels is associated with reduced risk of ADHD and autism-related traits of the born child later in life. Associations represent a potentially high public health burden given the current prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among childbearing aging and pregnant women.

Original title:
Neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal vitamin D in humans: systematic review and meta-analysis by García-Serna AM and Morales E.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30696940

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Find more information/studies on vitamin D and pregnancy right here.

 

Objectives:
Probiotic supplementation in early life may be effective in preventing atopic dermatitis (AD); however, results regarding efficacy have been controversial. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Does probiotic supplementation in early life prevent atopic dermatitis in infants and children?

Study design:
This review article included 28 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found compared with controls, probiotic supplementation of mother was associated with a significantly reduced risk of 31% for atopic dermatitis in infants and children [OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.58-0.82, p  0.0001].

The investigators found compared with controls, the use of probiotics of mother during both the prenatal and the postnatal period significantly reduced the incidence of atopic dermatitis in infants and children with 33% [OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.54-0.82].
However, analysis of studies of probiotics given prenatally only or postnatally only did not reach statistical significance.

The investigators concluded that probiotic supplementation of mother during both the prenatal and the postnatal period reduces the incidence of atopic dermatitis in infants and children. These findings suggest that starting probiotic treatment during gestation and continuing through the first 6 months of the infant's life may be of benefit in the prevention of atopic dermatitis.

Original title:
Probiotic Supplementation for Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis by Li L, Han Z, […], He C.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30465329

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Find more information/studies on protbiotics and pregnancy right here.
 

Objectives:
Inositol (ISL) embraces a family of simple carbohydrates with insulin-sensitizing properties, whose most common isoforms are Myo-inositol (MYO) and D-chiro inositol (DCI). Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Does inositol supplementation reduce gestational diabetes (GDM)?

Study design:
This review article included 5 RCTs with a total of  965 participants.
The primary outcome was the preventive effect on gestational diabetes, defined as the rate of gestational diabetes in women without a prior diagnosis of gestational diabetes.
Pooled results were expressed as odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI).
No adverse effects were reported for inositol supplementation.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found inositol supplementation significantly reduced risk of gestational diabetes with 51% [OR = 0.49, p = 0.01]. However, this reduced risk was only significant in patients receiving 2g inositol twice daily.

The investigators found inositol supplementation significantly reduced risk of preterm delivery with 65% [OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.17-0.74, p = 0.006]. However, this reduced risk was only significant in patients receiving 2g inositol twice daily.

The investigators concluded double administration of inositol 2g per day reduces gestational diabetes rate and preterm delivery rate. Therefore, inositol supplementation may represent a novel strategy for gestational diabetes prevention.

Original title:
Inositol for the prevention of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Vitagliano A, Saccone G, […], Berghella V.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30564926

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Find more information/studies on inositol and pregnancy right here.
 

Objectives:
Taurine is central to many physiological processes, some of which are augmented by exogenous supply and have the potential to facilitate endurance performance; however, its independent effects on performance have not been systematically analyzed. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does supplementation of taurine improve human endurance performance?

Study design:
This review article included 10 peer-reviewed articles. A sub-analysis of time-to-exhaustion (TTE) trials (n = 7) was also performed.

The doses of taurine ranged from 1 to 6 g/day and were provided in single doses and for up to 2 weeks among a range of subjects.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that taurine supplementation significantly improved overall endurance performance [Hedges' g = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.12-0.67, p = 0.004], which was similar in TTE trials [Hedges' g = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.12-0.75, p = 0.007].

The investigators found no differences between acute or chronic supplementation for the full sample [p = 0.897] or the TTE group [p = 0.896].

The investigators found that the dose of taurine did not moderate its effect on endurance performance [p > 0.05].

The investigators concluded that human endurance performance can be improved by orally ingesting a single dose of taurine in varying amounts (1-6 g).

Original title:
The Effects of an Oral Taurine Dose and Supplementation Period on Endurance Exercise Performance in Humans: A Meta-Analysis by Waldron M, Patterson SD, […], Jeffries O.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29546641

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Find here more information/studies about sport nutrition, protein and elderly.

Objectives:
Infertility, which affects ∼15% of the world's population, is a global public health issue recognized by the WHO. Therefore, it is of major clinical and public health importance to investigate whether modifiable lifestyle factors,such as stress, drug use, smoking, alcohol intake and diet may influence human fertility. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

What is the effect of supplementation of nutrients on sperm quality parameters?

Study design:
This review article included 28 articles (RCTs) for qualitative analysis and 15 for quantitative meta-analysis.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found total sperm concentrations were significantly increased by:
-selenium [MD = 3.91 × 106 spz/mL, 95% CI = 3.08 to 4.73 spz/mL];
-zinc [MD = 1.48 × 106 spz/mL, 95% CI = 0.69 to 2.27 spz/mL];
-omega 3 fatty acids [MD = 10.98 × 106 spz/mL, 95% CI = 10.25 to 11.72 spz/mL] and
-coenzyme Q10 [MD = 5.93 × 106 spz/mL, 95% CI = 5.36 to 6.51 spz/mL].

The investigators found sperm counts were significantly increased by:
-omega 3 fatty acids [MD = 18.70 × 106 spz/mL, 95% CI = 16.89 to 20.51 spz/mL] and
-coenzyme Q10 [MD = 10.15 × 106 spz/mL, 95% CI = 8.34 to 11.97 spz/mL].

The investigators found sperm total motility was significantly increased by:
-selenium [MD = 3.30%, 95% CI = 2.95% to 3.65%];
-zinc [MD = 7.03%, 95% CI = 6.03% to 8.03%];
-omega 3 fatty acids [MD = 7.55%, 95% CI = 7.09% to 8.01%];
-coenzyme Q10 [MD = 5.30%, 95% CI = 4.98% to 5.62%] and
-carnitines [MD = 7.84%, 95% CI = 6.54% to 9.13%].

The investigators found sperm progressive motility significantly increased by supplementation with carnitines [MD = 7.45%, 95% CI = 6.24% to 8.67%].

The investigators found sperm morphology was significantly enhanced by:
-selenium [MD = 1.87%, 95% CI = 1.50% to 2.24%];
-omega 3 fatty acid [MD = 0.91%, 95% CI = 0.69% to 1.13%];
-coenzyme Q10 [MD = 1.06%, 95% CI = 0.72% to 1.41%] and
-carnitine [MD = 4.91%, 95% CI = 3.68% to 6.15%].

The investigators concluded evidence from RCTs shows that some dietary supplements beneficially modulate sperm quality parameters and affect male fertility. However, results must be cautiously interpreted due to the limited sample size of the meta-analyzed studies and the considerable observed interstudy heterogeneity.

Original title:
The Effect of Nutrients and Dietary Supplements on Sperm Quality Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials by Salas-Huetos A, Rosique-Esteban N, […], Salas-Salvadó J.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30462179

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Objectives:
The timing of the introduction of egg to an infant's diet is of current interest, as new evidence raises questions regarding the benefit of delaying egg introduction. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Does early introduction of egg into an infant’s diet reduce risk of egg allergy?

Study design:
This review article included 6 RCTs with a total of 3,032 participants.
The RCTs compared early (between 3 and 6 months of age) egg introduction to no early introduction. The primary outcome was the development of egg allergy.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found compared early (between 3 and 6 months of age) egg introduction to no early introduction, early introduction of egg significantly reduced risk of egg allergy with 40% [RR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.44-0.82, p = 0.002, I2 = 23%, low to moderate level of evidence].

The investigators found the absolute risk reduction for a population with an incidence of egg allergy was 9.3% or 37 fewer cases [95% CI = 17-52] per 1,000 people.

The investigators found consumption of 4,000 mg/week of egg protein had a greater preventive effect than a higher dose.

The investigators concluded that introduction of egg into an infant’s diet between 3 and 6 months of age reduces risk of egg allergy, particularly for 4,000 mg/week of egg protein. Furthermore, the nature and dose of egg protein exposure may play a role. These findings should be addressed in the context of primary studies.

Original title:
Early Introduction of Egg and the Development of Egg Allergy in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Al-Saud B and Sigurdardóttir ST.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30184525

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Objectives:
Low birth weight infant (LBWIs) are prone to mental and behavioural problems. As an important constituent of the brain and retina, long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids are essential for foetal infant mental and visual development. The effect of lactation supplemented with long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA) on the improvement of intelligence in low birth weight children requires further validation. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Do long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA or PUFA) supplements improve intelligence in low birth weight children?

Study design:
This review article included 10 studies with a total of 1,793 individuals, of which 908 cases in the intervention group (group with LCPUFA supplements) and 885 controls (group without LCPUFA supplements).

The mean birth weights in 8 studies were less than 1500g and those in 2 studies were more than 1500g. None of the included studies had infants with birth weight less than 750g.

LCPUFA supplements were DHA+AA, DHA+EPA+DPA or DHA+AA+EPA.

There was no evidence of publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplemented group did not have significantly higher mental development index (MDI) scores than the group without supplementation [SMD = 0.07, 95% CI = -0.05 to 0.19, I2 = 23.8%, p = 0.222].
Subgroup analysis showed that the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation groups did not have significantly higher mental development index scores than the control groups.

The investigators found that the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplemented group did not have significantly higher psychomotor development index (PDI) scores than the group without supplementation [SMD = -0.01, 95% CI = -0.23 to 0.21, I2 = 60.5%, p = 0.906].
Subgroup analysis showed that the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplementation groups did not have significantly higher psychomotor development index scores than the control groups.

The investigators found that the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplemented group did not have significantly higher full scale intelligence quotient (FSIQ) scores than the group without supplementation [SMD = 0.00, 95% CI = -0.14 to 0.14, I2 = 0.00%, p = 0.991].

The investigators found that the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplemented group did not have significantly higher verbal intelligence quotient (VIQ) scores than the group without supplementation [SMD = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.15 to 0.12, I2 = 42.2%, p = 0.844].

The investigators found that the long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplemented group did not have significantly higher performance intelligence quotient (PIQ) scores than the group without supplementation [SMD = -0.01, 95% CI = -0.15 to 0.13, I2 = 0.00, p = 0.877].

The investigators concluded that long chain polyunsaturated fatty acids (LCPUFA or PUFA) supplements do not improve intelligence in low birth weight children. Therefore, whether long-chain polyunsaturated fatty acids supplements are beneficial for LBWIs has not been shown conclusively.

Original title:
The effect of long chain polyunsaturated fatty acid supplementation on intelligence in low birth weight infant during lactation: A meta-analysis by Song Y, Liu Y, […], Li D.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC5892917/

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Objectives:
Despite the World Health Organization recommendation of exclusive breastfeeding (EBF) for the first six months of life, the rate remains low both in developed and developing countries. In Ethiopia, findings regarding the prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding have been highly variable. Antenatal care and institutional delivery are the most important factors contributing to the practice of exclusive breastfeeding. However, their effect has not been investigated in Ethiopia. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do antenatal care and institutional delivery increase exclusive breastfeeding?

Study design:
This review article included 32 studies (published between 2007 to 2017) with a total of 23,543 breastfeeding women. 29 (71.8%) of the studies are cross-sectional study design. The sample size of the studies ranged from 119 to 5, 227.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found the result of 32 included studies indicated that the pooled prevalence of exclusive breastfeeding in Ethiopia was 59.3% [95% CI = 53.8 to 64.8%].

The investigators found subgroup analysis indicated that the highest prevalence was observed in Afar region (65.6%), followed by SNNP (63.8%) and then by Oromia (61.8%).

The investigators found mothers who attended antenatal visits were 2.1 times more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding compared to their counterparts [OR = 2.1, 95% CI = 1.5 to 2.8).

The investigators found, moreover, mothers who gave birth at a health institution were 2.2 times more likely to practice exclusive breastfeeding compared to mothers who gave birth at home [OR = 2.2, 95% CI = 1.3 to 3.5].

The investigators concluded exclusive breastfeeding in Ethiopia is significantly lower than the global recommendations. Mothers who attended antenatal visits and who gave birth at health institutions have better exclusive breastfeeding practices. Based on these findings, it is strongly recommended that the utilization of antenatal care and institutional delivery should be improved through health extension workers.

Original title:
Exclusive breastfeeding practice in Ethiopia and its association with antenatal care and institutional delivery: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Alebel A, Tesma C, […], Kibret GD.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6048887/

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Objectives:
Whether a vegetarian diet is appropriate for pregnancy remains unclear. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

What is the association between vegetarian diet during pregnancy and various maternal-fetal outcomes?

Study design:
This review article included 19 observational studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in pooled analysis no association between vegetarian pregnancy and low birth weight (LBW) [RR = 1.27, 95% CI = 0.98-1.65, p = 0.07, I2 = 0%].

The investigators found, however, in subgroup analysis that Asian (India/Nepal) vegetarian mothers exhibited a significantly increased risk of 33% to deliver a baby with low birth weight [RR = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.01-1.76, p = 0.04, I2 = 0%]. But, the WMD of neonatal birth weight in 5 studies suggested no difference between vegetarians and omnivores.

Given the high heterogeneity of the included studies, lack of high-quality evidence and limited studies included for each category, the investigators failed to reach conclusive results regarding the risks of hypospadias, intrauterine growth retardation, maternal anemia and gestational diabetes mellitus.

The investigators concluded that Asian vegetarian mothers have an increased risk to deliver babies with low birth weight than those of omnivores. Large-scale prospective studies focusing on pre- and/or early gestational nutrition will help clarify the correlation between vegetarian diet and various pregnancy outcomes.

Original title:
Is a vegetarian diet safe to follow during pregnancy? A systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies by Tan C, Zhao Y and Wang S.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29621406

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Objectives:
The efficacy of myo-inositol supplementation to prevent gestational diabetes onset remains controversial. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Does myo-inositol supplementation reduce risk of gestational diabetes in pregnant women?

Study design:
This review article included 5 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found compared with control group in pregnant women, myo-inositol supplementation significantly reduced risk of gestational diabetes with 57% [risk ratio = 0.43, 95% CI = 0.21-0.89, p = 0.02].

The investigators found compared with control group in pregnant women, myo-inositol supplementation significantly reduced risk of preterm delivery with 64% [risk ratio = 0.36, 95% CI = 0.17-0.73, p = 0.005].

The investigators found compared with control group in pregnant women, no association between myo-inositol supplementation and 2-h glucose oral glucose tolerance test (OGTT) [mean difference = -6.90, 95% CI = -15.07 to 1.27, p = 0.10].

The investigators found compared with control group in pregnant women, no association between myo-inositol supplementation and gestational age at birth [MD = 0.74, 95% CI = -1.06 to 2.54, p = 0.42].

The investigators found compared with control group in pregnant women, no association between myo-inositol supplementation and birth weight [MD = -5.50, 95% CI = -116.99 to 105.99, p = 0.92].

The investigators found compared with control group in pregnant women, no association between myo-inositol supplementation and macrosomia (a newborn with an excessive birth weight (≥4 kg)) [RR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.20-2.11, p = 0.47].

The investigators concluded that myo-inositol supplementation reduces the incidence of gestational diabetes and preterm delivery in pregnant women.

Original title:
The efficacy of myo-inositol supplementation to prevent gestational diabetes onset: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Zhang H, Lv Y, […], Guo W.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29343138

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Find more information/studies on inositol and pregnancy right here.

A review article (a collection of scientific studies on a specific topic) of randomized, placebo-controlled double blind clinical trials (RCTs) will answer the following question:
"Do taking dietary supplements make sense?" Yes for a positive conclusion and no for a negative conclusion.

Objectives:
Anemia is a major public health and nutritional problem in the world. Studies have reported the relationship between anemia during pregnancy and small for gestational age (SGA). Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Does maternal anemia during pregnancy increase risk of SGA?

Study design:
This review article included 10 studies with a total of 620,080 pregnant women.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found the overall relationship between maternal anemia during pregnancy and SGA was not significant [RR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.99-1.24, p = 0.074].
Not significant means that there is no association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found, however, a significantly increased risk of 11% [RR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.00-1.22, p = 0.044] of SGA for materal anemia during first trimester. But this relationship was not significant in the second trimester [RR = 1.11, 95% CI = 0.85-1.18, p = 0.91].

The investigators concluded maternal anemia in the first trimester of pregnancy increases risk of small for gestational age (SGA).

Original title:
Maternal anemia during pregnancy and small for gestational age: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Badfar G, Shohani M, […], Azami M.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29183181

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Objectives:
Older adults experience age-related physiological changes that affect body weight and body composition. In general, nutrition and exercise have been identified as potent stimulators of protein synthesis in skeletal muscle. Milk proteins are excellent sources of all the essential amino acids and may represent an ideal protein source to promote muscle anabolism in older adults undergoing resistance training. However, several randomized control trials (RCTs) have yielded mixed results on the effects of milk proteins supplementation in combination with resistance training on body weight and composition. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does supplementation of milk protein alone or in combination with resistance training, increase fat-free mass in older adults (age ≥ 60 years)?

Study design:
This review article included 10 RCTs involving 574 participants (mean age range from 60 to 80.8 years).

There was no statistical evidence of publication bias among the studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found overall, the combination of milk proteins supplementation and resistance training had no significant effect on fat mass [0.30, 95% CI = -0.25 to 0.86 kg] or body weight [1.02, 95% CI = -0.01 to 2.04 kg].

The investigators found, however, a positive effect of milk proteins supplementation paired with resistance training on fat-free mass [0.74, 95% CI = 0.30 to 1.17 kg].

The investigators found greater fat-free mass gains were observed in studies that included more than 55 participants [0.73, 95% CI = 0.30 to 1.16 kg] and in studies that enrolled participants with aging-related medical conditions [1.60, 95% CI = 0.92 to 2.28 kg].

The investigators concluded supplementation of milk protein, in combination with resistance training, is effective to elicit fat-free mass gain in older adults (age ≥ 60 years).

Original title:
Effects of Milk Proteins Supplementation in Older Adults Undergoing Resistance Training: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Control Trials by Hidayat K, Chen GC, […], Qin LQ.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29380851

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Find here more information/studies about sport nutrition, protein and elderly.

Objectives:
Individuals with mild cognitive impairment (MCI) are at high risk for developing dementia. Physical exercise is a promising intervention for cognitive decline. Systematic reviews regarding the effects of physical exercise on cognitive and psychological outcomes among MCI patients are limited and a systematic review exploring the effects of exercise modalities on the results has not been conducted. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do individuals with mild cognitive impairment benefit from physical exercise?

Study design:
This review article included 11 studies. The exercise interventions can be classified into 3 types: (a) aerobic exercise, (b) resistance exercise and (c) multi-modal exercise.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that physical exercise had beneficial effects for global cognition [SMD = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.10-0.49, p = 0.002].

The investigators found subgroup analysis demonstrated that aerobic exercise programmes were consistently associated with medium effect size [SMD = 0.54-0.58].

The investigators found, however, the effects of physical exercise on domain-specific cognitive function and psychological outcomes in mild cognitive impairment patients remained inconclusive.

The investigators found sensitivity analysis showed that types of control exerted influence on the outcomes.

The investigators concluded that physical exercise, aerobic exercise in particular, benefits global cognition in mild cognitive impairment patients. The evidence of physical exercise on domain-specific cognitive function and psychological outcomes remains unclear, more trials with rigorous study design are necessary to provide the evidence.

Original title:
The effectiveness of physical exercise on cognitive and psychological outcomes in individuals with mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Song D, Yu DSF, […], Lei Y.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/29334638

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Objectives:
Does breastfeeding reduce risk of endometrial cancer?

Study design:
This review article included individual-level data from 3 cohort and 14 case-control studies, with a total of  8,981 women with endometrial cancer and 17,241 women in a control group.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found ever breastfeeding was associated with an 11% reduction in risk of endometrial cancer [pooled OR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.81-0.98].
The association with ever breastfeeding was not explained by greater parity and did not vary notably by body mass index or histologic subtype (grouped as endometrioid and mucinous compared with serous and clear cell).

The investigators found longer average duration of breastfeeding per child was associated with lower risk of endometrial cancer, although there appeared to be some leveling of this effect beyond 6-9 months.

The investigators concluded that reducing endometrial cancer risk can be added to the list of maternal benefits associated with breastfeeding. Ongoing promotion, support and facilitation of this safe and beneficial behavior might therefore contribute to the prevention of this increasingly common cancer.

Original title:
Breastfeeding and Endometrial Cancer Risk: An Analysis From the Epidemiology of Endometrial Cancer Consortium by Jordan SJ, Na R, […], Webb PM.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/28486362

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