Nutrition and health

Objectives:
Is there an association between potato consumption and risk of all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality in adults?

Study design:
This review article included 20  prospective cohort studies with 25,208 cases of all-cause mortality, 4,877 of cancer mortality and 2,366 of cardiovascular mortality.

There was no evidence for publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found no significant association between potato consumption and risk of all-cause [RR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.8 to 1.02, p = 0.096] and cancer [RR = 1.09, 95% CI = 0.96 to 1.24, p = 0.204] mortality.

The investigators found, in addition, no significant linear association between each 100 g/d increments in potato consumption and risk of all-cause [p = 0.7] and cancer [p = 0.09] mortality.
Moreover, nonlinear association between potato consumption and risk of cancer mortality was non-significant [p-nonlinearity = 0.99].

The investigators found, in addition, 2 of 3 studies which examined the association of potato consumption with cardiovascular mortality did not find any significant relationship.

The investigators concluded there is no association between potato consumption and risk of all-cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality in adults.

Original title:
Potato consumption and risk of all cause, cancer and cardiovascular mortality: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Darooghegi Mofrad M, Milajerdi A, […], Azadbakht L.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30638040

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Objectives:
Previous meta-analysis showed an inverse association between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality. However, the relationship between caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and all-cause mortality is inconsistent. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption reduce all-cause mortality?

Study design:
This review article included 21 cohort studies with a total of 10,103,115 study participants and 240,303 deaths.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a nonlinear association between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality [p nonlinearity 0.001].

The investigators found compared with no or rare coffee consumption that 3 cups/d coffee consumption significantly reduced risk of all-cause mortality with 13% [RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.89].

The investigators concluded that 3 cups/d coffee consumption reduce risk of all-cause mortality. The reduced risks are similar for caffeinated coffee and decaffeinated coffee.

Original title:
Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of all-cause mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies by Li Q, Liu Y, […], Hu D.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30786114

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Objectives:
The prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection is rapidly increasing worldwide, but prevalence is difficult to estimate in developing countries where awareness, diagnostic resources and surveillance protocols are limited. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

The goal of this review article is to determine the current prevalence and incidence density rates of first episodes of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in developing countries.

Study design:
This review article included studies with data providing prevalence or incidence rates of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in developing countries within four regions: Africa-Middle East, developing Asia, Latin America and China.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found within the regions, the prevalence of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with diarrhea was 15% [95% CI = 13-17%] (including community and hospitalized patients), with no significant difference across regions.

The investigators found the incidence of Clostridium difficile infection in 17 studies including this information was 8.5 per 10,000 patient-days [95% CI = 5.83-12.46]. Prevalence was significantly higher in hospitalized patients versus community patients [p = 0.0227].

The investigators concluded the prevalence estimate of 15% is concerning; however, low awareness and inconsistent diagnostic and surveillance protocols suggest this is markedly underestimated. Enhanced awareness and management of Clostridium difficile infection in patients with diarrhea, along with improvements in infection control and surveillance practices, should be implemented to reduce prevalence of Clostridium difficile-associated diarrhea in developing countries.

Original title:
Clostridium difficile-associated Diarrhea in Developing Countries: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Curcio D, Cané A, […], Correa J.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30659481

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Objectives:
Fish consumption and dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs) may be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there an association between fish consumption or dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs) and inflammatory bowel disease risk?

Study design:
This review article included 5 prospective cohort studies and 7 case-control studies with a total sample size of 282,610 participants which 2,002 of them were cases of inflammatory bowel disease (1,061 Crohn's disease (CD) and 937 ulcerative colitis (UC)).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found fish consumption significantly reduced risk of Crohn's disease with 46% [pooled effect size = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.31-0.96, p = 0.03].

The investigators found there was no relationship between total dietary n-3 PUFAs intake and inflammatory bowel disease risk [pooled effect size = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.80-1.72, p = 0.41].

The investigators found dietary long-chain n-3 PUFAs significantly reduced ulcerative colitis risk with 25% [pooled effect size = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.57-0.98, p = 0.03].

The investigators found no association between dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) and inflammatory bowel disease risk [pooled effect size = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.63-2.17, p = 0.62].

The investigators concluded fish consumption reduces risk of Crohn's disease and dietary intake of long-chain n-3 PUFAs reduces risk of ulcerative colitis.

Original title:
Dietary intake of fish, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies by Mozaffari H, Daneshzad E, […], Azadbakht L.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30680455

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Find here more information/studies about fish consumption, n-3 PUFAs and chronic diseases.
 

Objectives:
Streptococcus pneumoniae is an intermittent commensal organism in the nasopharynx. Colonisation is a prerequisite for disease and malnourished children are especially susceptible to severe infection.

The goal of this review article is to examine published prevalence rates of pneumococcal colonisation in the upper respiratory tract of chronically malnourished children 5 y of age.

Study design:
This review article included 9 observational studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found the prevalence rate of Streptococcus pneumoniae colonisation in malnourished children during the first month of life ranged from 1.0 to 2.0%, increasing at 2 months to 53.9-80.0%. Carriage remained similar from 3 to 60 months at 64.1-88.0%.  

The investigators found meta-analysis showed a pooled prevalence of 67.2% [95% CI = 55.6 to 78.7] in infants 0-3 months of age, 77.9% [95% CI = 68.1 to 87.7] in infants 3-6 months of age and 77.8% [95% CI = 73.9-81.6%] in infants 6-60 months of age.

The investigators concluded in malnourished children the rates of pneumococcal colonisation are higher than in healthy, well-nourished children. Knowledge of colonisation rates can inform policies on vaccination and ancillary interventions during treatment of malnutrition. Future studies should assess the impact of reducing colonisation on disease rates or transmission in these “at-risk” individuals.

Original title:
Nasopharyngeal colonisation with Streptococcus pneumoniae in malnourished children: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prevalence by Smith HC, German E, […], Rylance J.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30624761

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Objectives:
Is there a relationship between nut consumption and metabolic syndrome (MetS)?

Study design:
This review article included a total of 11 observational studies (6 cross-sectional and 5 prospective cohort studies), which involved a total of 89,224 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found nut consumption significantly reduced risk of metabolic syndrome with 16% [overall multivariable adjusted RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.76-0.92, p  0.001].

The investigators found in subgroup analysis tree nut consumption significantly reduced risk of metabolic syndrome with 3% [RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.94-1.00, p =0.04]. However, this reduced risk was not significant in peanuts [RR = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.96-1.06, p = 0.68].

The investigators concluded nut consumption reduces risk of metabolic syndrome. However, this reduced risk is only found in tree nuts, not in peanuts. More well-designed studies with detailed specifications of nut varieties are needed to further elaborate the issues examined in this meta-analysis.

Original title:
Relationship Between Nut Consumption and Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies by Zhang Y and Zhang DZ.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30716015

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Objectives:
Existing studies suggest that dietary vitamins and carotenoids might be associated with a reduced risk of age-related cataract (ARC), although a quantitative summary of these associations is lacking. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do vitamins and carotenoids intake reduce risk of the eye disease age-related cataract? 

Study design:
This review article included 8 RCTs and 12 cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in cohort studies a significantly reduced risk of 19% [RR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.71 to 0.92, p = 0.001] of age-related cataract for dietary vitamin A intake.

The investigators found in cohort studies a significantly reduced risk of 20% [RR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.72 to 0.88, p 0.001] of age-related cataract for dietary vitamin C intake.

The investigators found in cohort studies a significantly reduced risk of 10% [RR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.80 to 1.00, p 0.049] of age-related cataract for dietary vitamin E intake.

The investigators found in cohort studies a significantly reduced risk of 10% [RR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.83 to 0.99, p = 0.023] of age-related cataract for dietary β-carotene intake.

The investigators found in cohort studies a significantly reduced risk of 19% [RR = 0.81, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.89, p 0.001] of age-related cataract for dietary β lutein or zeaxanthin intake.

The investigators found in RCTs compared with the placebo, a non-significantly reduced risk of 3% [RR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.91 to 1.03, p 0.262] of age-related cataract for vitamin E supplementation.
Non-significantly because RR of 1 was found in the 95% CI of 0.91 to 1.03. RR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found in RCTs compared with the placebo, a non-significantly reduced risk of 1% [RR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.92 to 1.07, p 0.820] of age-related cataract for β-carotene supplementation.

The investigators found in dose-response analysis of cohort studies a significantly reduced risk of 26% [RR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.67 to 0.80, p 0.001] of age-related cataract for every 10-mg/d increase in dietary lutein or zeaxanthin intake.

The investigators found in dose-response analysis of cohort studies a significantly reduced risk of 18% [RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.74 to 0.91, p 0.001] of age-related cataract for every 500-mg/d increase in dietary vitamin C intake.

The investigators found in dose-response analysis of cohort studies a significantly reduced risk of 8% [RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.88 to 0.96, p 0.001] of age-related cataract for every 5-mg/d increase in dietary β-carotene intake.

The investigators found in dose-response analysis of cohort studies a significantly reduced risk of 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90 to 0.98, p 0.001] of age-related cataract for every 5 mg/d increase in dietary vitamin A intake.

The investigators concluded dietary intake of vitamin A (at least 5 mg per day), vitamin C (at least 500 mg per day), vitamin E, β-carotene (at least 5 mg per day) and lutein or zeaxanthin intake (at least 10 mg per day) reduce risk of age-related cataract.

Original title:
Dietary vitamin and carotenoid intake and risk of age-related cataract by Jiang H, Yin Y, […], Ma L.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30624584

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Objectives:
The goal of this review article is to quantify the risk of P vivax parasitaemia after treatment of Plasmodium falciparum with commonly used antimalarial drugs to assess the potential benefits of radical cure for all patients with uncomplicated malaria in co-endemic regions.

Study design:
This review article included 153 studies with a total of 31,262 patients from 323 site-specific treatment groups (from 21 countries): 130 (85%) studies were from the Asia-Pacific region, 16 (10%) from the Americas and 7 (5%) from Africa.

Data for outcomes could be extracted from 106 studies for day 28, 58 studies for day 42 and 12 studies for day 63.

Studies were included if the presence or absence of P vivax parasitaemia was recorded after treatment.
The primary outcome was the risk of P vivax parasitaemia between day 7 and day 42 after initiation of antimalarial treatment for P falciparum, with the pooled risk calculated by random-effects meta-analysis.

There was substantial heterogeneity between study populations.
The mean or median age ranged from 2.9 years to 38.4 years.
Mean or median baseline parasitaemia ranged from 518 to 68 178 parasites per μL.
The prevalence of P falciparum gametocytes at baseline ranged from 0% to 52% and the mean or median baseline haemoglobin ranged from 7.8 g/dL to 14.3 g/dL.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found the risk of P vivax parasitaemia by day 42 was 5.6% [95% CI = 4.0-7.4, I2 = 92.0%, 117 estimates].

The investigators found the risk of P vivax parasitaemia was 6.5% [95% CI = 4.6-8.6] in regions of short relapse periodicity compared with 1.9% [95% CI = 0.4-4.0] in regions of long periodicity and was greater after treatment with a more rapidly eliminated ACT: 15.3% [95% CI = 5.1-29.3] for artemether-lumefantrine compared with 4.5% [95% CI = 1.2-9.3] for dihydroartemisinin-piperaquine and 5.2% [95% CI = 2.9-7.9] for artesunate-mefloquine.

The investigators found recurrent parasitaemia was delayed in patients treated with ACTs containing mefloquine or piperaquine compared with artemether-lumefantrine, but by day 63 the risk of vivax parasitaemia was more than 15% for all ACTs assessed.

The investigators concluded meta-analysis of 31,262 patients treated for falciparum malaria shows a high risk of subsequent P vivax parasitaemia across a range of co-endemic settings. P vivax parasitaemia occurred more frequently after treatment with rapidly eliminated drugs and in regions with short relapse periodicity. The risk was particularly apparent after treatment with artemether-lumefantrine [15.3% by day 42], accounting for more than half of all recurrent parasitaemias.
These findings suggest that in some regions co-endemic for both P falciparum and P vivax, the introduction of a universal policy of radical cure for all patients with uncomplicated malaria has potential to prevent recurrent parasitaemia, reduce ongoing transmission and enhance malaria elimination efforts.

Original title:
Risk of Plasmodium vivax parasitaemia after Plasmodium falciparum infection: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Commons RJ, Simpson JA, […], Price RN.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6300482/

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Objectives:
Epidemiological studies focusing on the association between folate and breast cancer risk reported inconsistent findings. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does dietary folate intake reduce breast cancer risk?

Study design:
This review article included a total of 23 prospective cohort studies involving 41,516 cases (=women with breast cancer) among 1,171,048 individuals.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found dietary folate intake significantly reduced risk of oestrogen-receptor-negative breast cancer with 12% [pooled risk ratio = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.78-1.00].

The investigators found dietary folate intake significantly reduced risk of oestrogen-receptor-negative/progesterone-receptor-negative breast cancer with 18% [pooled risk ratio = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.68-0.97].

The investigators found an increment of dietary folate intake of 100 μg per day was associated with a deceased risk of oestrogen-receptor-negative breast cancer with 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.88-0.99].

The investigators found an increment of dietary folate intake of 100 μg per day was associated with a deceased risk of oestrogen-receptor-negative/progesterone-receptor-negative breast cancer with 10% [RR = 0.90, 95% CI = 0.85-0.97].

The investigators found high dietary folate intake significantly reduced breast cancer risk in premenopausal women with 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.88-1.00].

The investigators found high dietary folate intake significantly reduced breast cancer risk in women with moderate or high levels of alcohol consumption with 18% [RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.72-0.94].

The investigators concluded that at least 100 μg per day dietary folate intake, reduce both oestrogen-receptor-negative and oestrogen-receptor-negative/progesterone-receptor-negative breast cancer, particularly among premenopausal women and women with moderate or high levels of alcohol consumption.

Original title:
Folate intake and the risk of breast cancer: an up-to-date meta-analysis of prospective studies by Zeng J, Wang K, [...], Chang H.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30647438

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Objectives:
Evidence from randomized controlled trials (RCTs) suggests that viscous dietary fiber may offer beneficial effects on glycemic control and, thus, an improved cardiovascular disease risk profile. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does viscous dietary fiber supplementation improve glycemic control in type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 28 RCTs of ≥3 weeks in duration that assessed the effects of viscous fiber on markers of glycemic control in type 2 diabetes with a total of 1,394 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that viscous fiber at a median dose of ∼13.1 g/day significantly reduced HbA1c in type 2 diabetes [MD = -0.58%, 95% CI = -0.88 to -0.28, p = 0.0002] compared with control and in addition to standard of care.

The investigators found that viscous fiber at a median dose of ∼13.1 g/day significantly reduced fasting blood glucose in type 2 diabetes [MD = -0.82 mmol/L, 95% CI = -1.32 to -0.31, p = 0.001] compared with control and in addition to standard of care. 

The investigators found that viscous fiber at a median dose of ∼13.1 g/day significantly reduced HOMA-insulin resistance in type 2 diabetes [MD = -1.89, 95% CI = -3.45 to -0.33, p = 0.02] compared with control and in addition to standard of care.

The investigators found the certainty of evidence was graded moderate for HbA1c, fasting glucose, fasting insulin and HOMA-IR and low for fructosamine.

The investigators concluded that 13.1 g/day viscous fiber supplements improve conventional markers of glycemic control beyond usual care and should be considered in the management of type 2 diabetes.

Original title:
Should Viscous Fiber Supplements Be Considered in Diabetes Control? Results From a Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Jovanovski E, Khayyat R, […], Vuksan V.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30617143

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Objectives:
Is there an association between vitamin D and Parkinson's disease risk?

Study design:
This review article included 8 studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found when compared with normal controls, 25-hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency (30 ng/mL) significantly increased risk of Parkinson's disease with 77% [OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.29 to 2.43, p 0.001].

The investigators found when compared with normal controls, 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency (20 ng/mL) significantly increased risk of Parkinson's disease with 155% [OR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.98 to 3.27, p 0.001].

The investigators found 15 minutes/week sunlight exposure significantly decreased risk of Parkinson's disease with 98% [OR = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.00 to 0.10, p 0.001].

The investigators found the use of vitamin D supplements was effective in increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels [SMD = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.40 to 2.18, p 0.001], but had no significant effect on motor function [MD = -1.82, 95% CI = -5.10 to 1.45, p = 0.275] in patients with Parkinson's disease.

The investigators concluded that insufficiency and deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D in blood) and reduced exposure to sunlight increase risk of Parkinson's disease. However, vitamin D supplements show no significant benefits in improving motor function for patients with Parkinson's disease.

Original title:
The Association Between Vitamin D Status, Vitamin D Supplementation, Sunlight Exposure, and Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Zhou Z, Zhou R, [...], Li K.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30672512

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Objectives:
Low fruit and vegetable intakes are recognized risk factors for noncommunicable diseases. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do fruit or vegetables intakes reduce noncommunicable diseases, likes cancer, coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality?

Study design:
This review article included 64 reports investigating 98 risk-disease pairs. 56 pairs from 39 reports were assessed as statistically significant, involving 29 burden of diseases.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in linear dose analysis for each 100 g/day increase in fruit intakes a significantly reduced risk of 44% [RR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.42 to 0.74] for esophageal cancer.
Significant means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found in linear dose analysis for each 100 g/day increase in fruit intakes a significantly reduced risk of 28% [RR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.59 to 0.87] for mouth, pharynx and larynx cancer.

The investigators found in nonlinear dose analysis for the first 100 g/day increase in fruit intakes a significantly reduced risk of 14% [RR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.88] for stroke.

The investigators found in nonlinear dose analysis for the first 100 g/day increase in fruit intakes a significantly reduced risk of 11% [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.88 to 0.90] for all-cause mortality.

The investigators found in linear dose analysis for each 100 g/day increase in vegetable intakes a significantly reduced risk of 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.80 to 0.95] for renal cell cancer.

The investigators found in linear dose analysis for each 100 g/day increase in vegetable intakes a significantly reduced risk of 11% [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.95] for non-Hodgkin lymphoma.

The investigators found in nonlinear dose analysis for the first 100 g/day increase in vegetable intakes a significantly reduced risk of 14% [RR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.89] for coronary heart disease.

The investigators found in nonlinear dose analysis for the first 100 g/day increase in vegetable intakes a significantly reduced risk of 13% [RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.90] for all-cause mortality.

The investigators found in nonlinear dose analysis clear increases in protective associations were observed with the first 200 g/day of fruit or vegetable intakes, whereas little further increase or even decrease in protective associations were reported beyond 300 g/day intakes.

The investigators found canned fruit intakes were positively associated with all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality.

The investigators found pickled vegetable intakes were positively associated with stomach cancer.

The investigators concluded that 100-300 g/day of fruit or vegetables intakes reduce certain cancers, coronary heart disease and all-cause mortality. These findings support existing recommendations for fruit and vegetable intakes. Current comparative risk assessments might significantly underestimate the protective associations of fruit and vegetable intakes.

Original title:
The Associations of Fruit and Vegetable Intakes with Burden of Diseases: A Systematic Review of Meta-Analyses by Yip CSC, Chan W and Fielding R.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30639206

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