Voeding en gezondheid

Research Question:
Lycopeensupplementen swallowing lowers the chances of getting prostate cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 8 Rcts. There was talk of bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found in a meta-analysis of 4 Rcts that swallowing lycopeensupplementen the chance of getting benign prostatic hyperplasia (a benign enlargement of the prostate) not significant with 5% [95% CI = 0.63-1.44] reduced.
Not significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

The researchers found in a meta-analysis of 4 Rcts that swallowing lycopeensupplementen the chance of getting prostate cancer by 8% not significant [RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.66-1.29] reduced.
Not significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

The researchers found in a meta-analysis of 2 Rcts that swallowing of lycopeensupplementen the value of PSA-prostate cancer patients significantly with 1.58 [95% CI =-2.61 to-0.55] reduced.
Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers concluded that it is not yet scientifically proven was to lycopeensupplementen for write for prevention or treatment of prostate cancer.

Original title:
Lycopene for the prevention and treatment of benign prostatic hyperplasia and prostate cancer: A systematic review by Ilic D and Valerie M.

Link:
http://www.maturitas.org/article/S0378-5122%2812%2900160-0/abstract

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about lycopeenstudies.

Prostate cancer is rare in men younger than 40 years.

The Prostate specific antigen (PSA) is a protein that is normally present in the blood to a small degree. It is formed in the glandular tissue of the prostate, both in a healthy as in a diseased prostate.
In benign prostatic hyperplasia (BPH) and prostate cancer, the PSA level increased.

Research Question:
Swallowing vitamin D lowers the chances of getting multiple sclerosis?

Study Design:
The overview article contained 5 Rcts. The studies were small (23 to 68 patients). There was heterogeneity between the dosages, the form of vitamin D (4 Rcts with vitamin D3 and 1 with vitamin D2) and clinical outcome measures. Because of the poor study design could there is no meta-analysis carried out. A meta-analysis can show the size of the effect.

Results and conclusions:
Of the 5 Rcts found 4 no effect between vitamin D and each outcome of multiple sclerosis. 1 Rcts found a significant effect, namely a reduction in the number of T1 elevated lesions on the MRI scan of the brain. 3 Rcts found undesirable effect, especially intestinal and stomach discomfort in swallowing of vitamin D.

The researchers concluded that the evidence for vitamin D as a treatment for MS was unclear. Larger studies (Rcts with a follow-up duration of longer than 1 year) are necessary to the effect of vitamin D on the clinical outcomes in patients with MS to investigate.

Original title:
A Systematic Review of Randomized, Double-Blind, Placebo-Controlled Trials Examining the Clinical Efficacy of Vitamin D in Multiple Sclerosis by Pozuelo-Moyanoa B, Benito-Leóna J [...], Hernández-Gallegoa J.

Link:
http://content.karger.com/ProdukteDB/produkte.asp?Doi=345122

Additional information about El Mondo:
Multiple sclerosis (MS) is an inflammatory disease. In MS causes a disordered immune system inflammation in the brain and spinal cord. In doing so creates lasting damage to the myelin and axons, which account for a large part of the MS-complaints caused.

Multiple sclerosis is common among young adults, in women more than in men. The frequency in which the disease occurs, varies by country and population group. MS does not or hardly in countries closer to the equator.

The exact cause of MS is unknown, but it is widely believed that MS is caused by a combination of genetic and environmental factors.

Research Question:
The results of the meta-analyses on the relationship between vitamin D supplementation and reducing fractures are inconsistent. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Swallowing of 800 IU of vitamin D lowers the chances of getting hip fractures and non-vertebral fractures in the elderly?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 11 Rcts with 31022 persons (average age of 76 years, 91% women) with 1111 incidental non-vertebral fractures and hip fractures 3770.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that swallowing average 800 IE (20 micrograms) of vitamin D per day the chances of getting hip fractures significantly reduced by 30%. The hazard ratio was 0.70 [95% CI = 0.58-0.86]. Significant is, it can be said with 95% reliability that the reduced risk of 30% was due to swallowing average 800 IU of vitamin D per day.

The researchers found that swallowing average 800 IE (20 micrograms) of vitamin D per day the chances of getting non-vertebral fractures significantly reduced by 14%. The hazard ratio was 0.86 [95% CI = 0.76-0.96]. Significant because 1 was not in the 95% CI of 0.76-0.96.

The researchers found that the daily swallowing of vitamin D (less than 800 IU) compared to not swallow daily of vitamin D the chances of getting hip fractures non-significant reduced by 10%. The hazard ratio was 0.90 [95% CI = 0.80-1.01]. Non-significant is, it cannot be said with 95% reliability that the reduced risk of 10% was due to the daily swallowing of vitamin d. non-significant means no link.

The researchers found that the daily swallowing of vitamin D (less than 800 IU) compared to not swallow daily of vitamin D the chances of getting non-vertebral fractures significantly reduced by 7%. The hazard ratio was 0.93 [95% CI = 0.87-0.99].

The researchers concluded that the daily swallowing of 800 IU of vitamin D per day or more the chance of getting hip fractures and non-vertebral fractures in people 65 years or older did decrease.

Original title:
A Pooled Analysis of Vitamin D Dose Requirements for Fracture Prevention by Bischoff-Ferrari HA, Willett WC, [...], Dawson-Hughes B.

Link:
http://www.nejm.org/doi/full/10.1056/NEJMoa1109617

Additional information about El Mondo:
Scientific studies show that blood to desired values of to get 75-80 nanomol/l 800-1200 IU of vitamin D per day is needed.
40 IU vitamin D equals 1 micrograms of vitamin d. So 1200 IE than 1200/40 = 30 micrograms of vitamin D per day.

Read more about vitamin D vitamin D in the presentation.

Research Question:
Taking vitamin D supplements lowers the chance of getting breast cancer among postmenopausal women?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 2 RCTs with 5372 postmenopausal women.
There was no heterogeneity (p = 0.59, I2 = 0%).  

The daily dose was 800 IE (20 micrograms) vitamin D and 1000 mg of calcium for 24-62 months in one study and 1100 IE (27.5 micrograms) vitamin D and 1400 mg calcium citrate or calcium carbonate 1500 mg or in the other study.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that taking vitamin D supplements the chance of getting breast cancer among postmenopausal women not significantly by 11% [95% CI = 0.74-1.68] increased. Not significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability

The researchers found that taking vitamin D supplements with the highest dosage, the chance of getting breast cancer among postmenopausal women not significantly with 42% [95% CI = 0.23-1.47] reduced. Not significant because the risk of 1 is in the 95% CI of 0.23 and 1.47. Risk of 1 means no risk.

The researchers found that taking vitamin D supplements in combination with calcium, the chance of getting breast cancer among postmenopausal women not significantly with 7% [95% CI = 0.54-1.60] reduced. Not significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability

The researchers concluded that taking vitamin D supplements the chance of getting breast cancer among postmenopausal women not reduced. However, the available evidence is still limited and insufficient to draw firm conclusions.

Original title:
Vitamin D Supplementation and Breast Cancer Prevention: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials by Sperati F, Vici P, [...], Barba M.

Link:
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0069269

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on vitamin d.

Research Question:
A high blood vitamin D level lowers the chances of getting diabetes type 2?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 21 prospective cohort studies with participants, of which 76220 4996 people with diabetes type 2.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that the highest 25 (OH) D vitamin D blood level compared to the lowest, the chances of getting type 2 diabetes significantly with 38% [95% CI = 0.54-0.70] reduced.

The researchers found in a spline regression model that a higher 25 (OH) D vitamin D blood level monotonous was associated with a lower risk of type 2 diabetes. This reduced risk was not dependent on gender, duration of the follow-up, the sample size, the diagnostic criteria of diabetes or the determination method of 25 (OH) D vitamin D blood level.

The researchers found that every increase of the 25 (OH) D vitamin D blood level with 10 nmol/L, the chance of getting type 2 diabetes significantly with 4% [95% CI = 3–6, P for linear trend 0.0001] reduced.

On the basis of the found results the researchers concluded that a high 25 (OH) D vitamin D blood level the chances of getting diabetes type 2 reduced.

Original title:
Blood 25-Hydroxy Vitamin D Levels and Incident Type 2 Diabetes: A meta-analysis of prospective studies by Song Y, Wang L, [...], Hu FB.

Link:
http://care.diabetesjournals.org/content/36/5/1422.short

Additional information about El Mondo:
Each 100 IU (2.5 mcg) Vitamin D3 can after 2 to 3 months swallow the blood value of 25 (OH) D with 1 ng/mL (2.5 nmol/L) increase. 1 ng/mL = 2.5 nmol/L 1 mcg = 40 IU of vitamin d.
An increase of 10 nmol/L corresponds to 400 IU of vitamin D for 2-3 months.

Read more about vitamin d.

Research Question:
Observational studies report a consistent association between low vitamin D blood concentration and increased blood sugar and the risk of getting type 2 diabetes, but the results in Rcts are contradictory and therefore was carried out this review article.

Swallowing vitamin D lowers the chances of getting diabetes type 2?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 35 Rcts with 43407 patients.

There was no question of publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that taking vitamin D had no significant effect on insulin resistance, expressed as HOMA-IR [MD =-0.04, 95% CI =-0.30 to 0.22, I2 = 45%].

The researchers found that taking vitamin D had no significant effect on insulin secretion, expressed as HOMA-B [MD = 1.64, 95% CI =-25.94 to 29.22, I2 = 40%].

The researchers found that taking vitamin D had no significant effect on the HbA1c value [MD =-0.05%, 95% CI =-0.12 to 0.03, I2 = 55%].

The researchers concluded that swallowing of vitamin D the chances of getting diabetes type 2 is not reduced.

Original title:
Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Improving Glucose Homeostasis and Preventing Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Seida JC, Mitri J, [...] Johnson, Yes.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25062463

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on vitamin d.

Research Question:
Observational studies report a consistent association between low vitamin D blood concentration and increased blood sugar and the risk of getting type 2 diabetes, but the results in Rcts are contradictory and therefore was carried out this review article.

Swallowing vitamin D lowers the chances of getting diabetes type 2?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 35 Rcts with 43407 patients.

There was no question of publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that taking vitamin D had no significant effect on insulin resistance, expressed as HOMA-IR [MD =-0.04, 95% CI =-0.30 to 0.22, I2 = 45%].

The researchers found that taking vitamin D had no significant effect on insulin secretion, expressed as HOMA-B [MD = 1.64, 95% CI =-25.94 to 29.22, I2 = 40%].

The researchers found that taking vitamin D had no significant effect on the HbA1c value [MD =-0.05%, 95% CI =-0.12 to 0.03, I2 = 55%].

The researchers concluded that swallowing of vitamin D the chances of getting diabetes type 2 is not reduced.

Original title:
Effect of Vitamin D3 Supplementation on Improving Glucose Homeostasis and Preventing Diabetes: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Seida JC, Mitri J, [...] Johnson, Yes.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25062463

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on vitamin d.

Research Question:
High vitamin D blood value lowers the chances of getting high blood pressure?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 8 prospective cohort studies with 55816 283537 participants and people with high blood pressure. The study duration ranged between 1 and 14 years.

There was no heterogeneity between the studies.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found in 5 studies that increasing the vitamin D blood value per 10 ng/mL compared to the baseline, the chances of getting high blood pressure significantly with 12% [95% CI = 0.81-0.97] reduced.

The researchers concluded that high vitamin D blood value the chance of getting high blood pressure lowered.

Original title:
Vitamin D and risk of future hypertension: meta-analysis of 283,537 participants by Kunutsor SK, Antoinette Apekey TA and Sturgeon M.

Link:
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10654-013-9790-2

Additional information about El Mondo:
The best way to get enough vitamin D is through sunlight and/or dietary supplements.
Find here more studies on vitamin d.

Research Question:
In observational studies, an increased intake of vitamin C, vitamin C supplementation and high vitamin C blood concentration are associated with low blood pressure. But the instructions for blood pressure-lowering effects of vitamin C in clinical studies have been inconsistent. Therefore it was the aim of this systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials to the effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure to investigate.

Can vitamin C supplements lower blood pressure?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 29 Rcts with an average duration of 8 weeks and 10 to 120 participants per study. Only Rcts can show a causal link.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that taking vitamin C supplements (on average 500 mg per day) the systolic pressure (systolic blood pressure) significantly with 3.84 mmHg [95% CI =-5.29 to-2.38 mm Hg, p 0.01] did decrease. Significant is, it can be said with 95% reliability that the short-lived swallowing vitamin C supplements reduced the peak pressure really.

The researchers found that taking vitamin C supplements (on average 500 mg per day) the diastolic pressure (underpressure) significantly with 1.48 mmHg [95% CI =-2.86 to-0.10 mmHg, p = 0.04] did decrease. Significant because the p-value was less than 0.05.

Methypertensieve participants in studies the researchers found that taking vitamin C supplements (on average 500 mg per day) the systolic pressure significantly with 4.85 mmHg [p 0.01] did decrease.

Methypertensieve participants in studies the researchers found that taking vitamin C supplements (on average 500 mg per day) the diastolic pressure non-significant with 1.67 mmHg [p 0.17] did decrease. Non-significant means no link.

The researchers concluded that the short-lived swallowing vitamin C supplements (500 mg per day with an average duration of 8 weeks) the blood pressure lowered but research is needed into the effect of the prolonged swallow vitamin C supplements on blood pressure.

Original title:
Effects of vitamin C supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Juraschek SP, Guallar E, [...], Miller THERE.

Link:
http://www.ajcn.org/content/95/5/1079.short

Additional information about El Mondo:
The optimal blood pressure for a healthy adult person is 120 mmHg systolic blood pressure and 80 mmHg vacuum.

It is not possible through feeding 500 mg of vitamin C per day to get inside. 200-300 g of vegetables and 2-5 pieces of fruit per day on average 200 mg vitamin C on.

Research Question:
Swallowing of vitamin C lowers cholesterol levels in people with high cholesterol?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 13 Rcts. The age of the participants ranged from 48 to 82 years.

The dosage of vitamin C was not less than 500 mg daily for 3 to 24 weeks.
The participants in the intervention group at the beginning of the study had a cholesterol content of 163.7 mg/dL and in the control group was that 154.6 mg/dL.

There was heterogeneity because the random effect model was used but no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found (in 11 Rcts with 328 people in the intervention group and 310 in the control group, average age was 58.9 years) that taking vitamin C for 10 weeks the LDL cholesterol (bad cholesterol) significantly with 7.9 mg/dL or 5% [95% CI = − 12.3 to − 3.5, p = 0.000] reduced.
Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found (in 12 Rcts with 355 people in the intervention group and 338 in the control group, average age was 60.8 years) that taking vitamin C for 10 weeks the HDL cholesterol (good cholesterol) non-significant with 1.1 mg/dL or 2.3% [95% CI = − 0.2 to 2.3] increased.
Non-significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

The researchers found (in 10 Rcts with 289 people in the intervention group and 270 in the control group, average age was 55.7 years) that taking vitamin C for 8 weeks the triglyceride levels significantly with 20.1 mg/dL or 8.8% [95% CI = − 33.3 to − 6.8, p 0.003] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that taking vitamin C the LDL/HDL ratio with 0.60 or 16.2% reduced. 16.2% reduction corresponds to a reduced chance of 10.2% of getting heart disease.

The researchers found that taking vitamin C the triglycerides/HDL ratio with 0.47 or 9.4% reduced.

The researchers concluded that swallowing of at least 500 mg of vitamin C per day for 8-10 weeks, LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels of people with high cholesterol levels reduced.

Original title:
Vitamin C supplementation Dar serum low-density lipoprotein cholesterol and triglycerides: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by McRae 13 MP.

Link:
 http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2682928/

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about cholesterol and vitamin C.
It is not possible to use nutrition to get 500 mg of vitamin C within.

Optimal LDL cholesterol is 100 mg/dL.
Cholesterol levels can differ from day to day about 10 percent.
Desired total cholesterol/HDL ratio is below 5: 1; optimal is below 3.5: 1.
LDL cholesterol/HDL ratio is below 5: 1; optimal is below 3.5: 1.
HDL cholesterol/LDL ratio you want is above 0.3; optimal above 0.4.
The cholesterol ratio is a better predictor for heart disease than total cholesterol value.

The higher the LDL cholesterol and triglyceride levels, the higher the risk of heart disease is.
The higher the HDL cholesterol levels, the lower the risk of heart disease is. HDL cholesterol provides transport of cholesterol from the arterial wall to the liver. The higher the HDL-cholesterol, the better is the drainage of excess cholesterol to the liver.

Research Question:
Swallowing of vitamin C lowers the chances of getting complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) after surgery or injury?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 4 Rcts. 
The dosage of vitamin C was not less than 500 mg a day for 45-50 days. There was no heterogeneity.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that swallowing a minimum of 500 mg of vitamin C per day for 45-50 days right after a major surgery or injury, the chances of getting complex regional pain syndrome significantly with 78% [RR = 0.22, 95% CI = 0.12-0.39] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers concluded that the routine at least 500 mg daily swallowing vitamin C, the chances of getting complex regional pain syndrome after a major surgery (a foot or ankle surgery) or injury reduced.

Original title:
Efficacy and safety of high-dose vitamin C on complex regional pain syndrome in extremity trauma and surgery--systematic review and meta-analysis by Shibuya N, Humphers JM, [...], Jupiter DC.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/22985495

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about vitamin C.
200-300 g of vegetables and 2-5 pieces of fruit per day on average 200 mg vitamin C.
It is not possible 500 mg of vitamin C to get through nutrition.

Complex regional pain syndrome (CRPS) is (chronic) pain disorder characterized by pain and changes in color and temperature of the skin. There is also often involve swelling. Other symptoms that may occur include movement restrictions, a change in the sweat pattern, cramping of hands and feet (Dystonia) and changes in skin, hair and nail growth.

CRPS is a condition that occurs at all ages, but more often in people between 45 and 60 years and more in women (75%) than in men.

Research Question:
Eating vitamins lowers the chances of getting colon adenoma?  

Study Design:
This overview article contained 13 observational studies with 3832 people with colon adenoma.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that eating a lot of vitamin C compared to little, the chance of getting colon adenoma significantly with 22% [95% CI = 0.62-0.98] reduced. The reduced risk did not change by BMI, the smoking behaviour and the energy intake.

The researchers found that eating a lot of beta carotene compared with little, the chance of getting colon adenoma also significantly reduced. But the reduced risk was not found for eating a lot of vitamin A [pooled RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.67-1.14] and vitamin E [pooled RR = 87, 95% CI = 0.69-1.10].

The researchers concluded that eating a lot of vitamin C and beta-carteen the chance of getting colon adenoma reduced.

Original title:
Dietary intake of vitamins A, C, and E and the risk of colorectal adenoma: a meta-analysis of observational studies by Xu X, Yu E, [...], Fu C.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24064545

Additional information about El Mondo:
A good way to daily a lot of vitamin C and beta-carotene to get inside, through 200-300 g of vegetables, especially paprika and dark green leafy vegetables (spinach) and 2-5 pieces of fruit, especially felgekeurde fruits per day.
Find here more studies on vitamin C and beta-carotene.

That eating a lot of vitamin C and beta-carteen the chance of getting colon adenoma lowers, does not say it is justified now to vitamin C and beta carotene supplements to go swallow in the fight against colon adenoma. A power supply with lots of vitamin C and beta carotene is certainly not the same as swallowing vitamin C and beta carotene supplements. You can compare this with the following example: a monkey is an animal but not every animal is a monkey!

Research Question:
Total vitamin C intake reduces and breast cancer-related mortality?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 10 studies (vitamin C supplements (n = 6) and vitamin C through feeding (n = 7)) with 17696 patients with breast cancer and kill, which have gone to 2791 1558 breast cancer death.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that the use of vitamin C supplements after the diagnosis of breast cancer, the risk of total mortality significantly with 19% [95% CI = 0.72-0.91] reduced.

The researchers found that the use of vitamin C supplements after the diagnosis of breast cancer, the risk of breast cancer-related mortality significantly with 15% [95% CI = 0.74-0.99] reduced.

The researchers found that each increase of 100 mg vitamin C through feeding, the risk of total mortality significantly with 27% [95% CI = 0.59-0.89] reduced.

The researchers found that each increase of 100 mg vitamin C through feeding, the risk of breast cancer-related mortality significantly with 22% [95% CI = 0.64-0.94] reduced.

The researchers concluded that vitamin C reduced breast cancer-related mortality total as well.

Original title:
Vitamin C and survival among women with breast cancer: A Meta-analysis by Harris HR, Orsini N and Cloud A.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24613622

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on vitamin C.
 

Research Question:
Vitamin B6-a high blood value lowers the chances of getting colon cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 8 prospective cohort studies and 1 nested case-control study between 2002 and 2009 with 6064 participants. These 9 studies examined the dietary intake of vitamin B6.
4 nested case-control studies with 883 cases and 1424 controls between 2005 and 2009. These 4 studies examined the blood value of vitamin B6.

There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that the highest intake of vitamin B6 through diet compared with the lowest intake, the chances of getting colon cancer non-significant with 10% [95% CI = 0.75-1.07, there was heterogeneity between the studies] reduced. Non-significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that the highest vitamin B6-blood value (150 picomol/mL) compared with the lowest blood value (12.7 picomol/mL), the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 48% [95% CI = 0.38-0.71, there was no heterogeneity between the studies] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that every increase in blood value with 100 picomol/mL (= 2 times the standard deviation) the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 49% [95% CI = 0.3-0.69] reduced.

The researchers concluded that high vitamin B6-blood value the chance of getting colon cancer reduced.

Original title:
Vitamin B6 and Risk or Colorectal lung CancerA Meta-analysis of Prospective Studies by Larsson SC, Orsini N and Cloud A.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/20233826

Additional information about El Mondo:
Both vitamin B6 through diet and through nutritional supplements can increase the vitamin B6-blood value. Read more about vitamin B6.
 

Research Question:
Endothelial dysfunction is an independent Predictor of atherosclerotic heart disease. Niacin (vitamin B3) has the HDL cholesterol-enhancing, antioxidant and anti-inflammatory properties, which help to improve the function of the endothelium. However, there is still a lot of controversy about the effects of niacin on the endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation as a reliable surrogate of the function of the endothelium. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Improves swallowing niacin the endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation (vascular wall function)?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 7 Rcts with a total of 441 participants, of which 213 people in the control group.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that a Niacin Therapy the endothelium-dependent flow-mediated vasodilation significantly improved [WMD = 1.98%, 95% CI = 0.91%-3.05%, p = 0.0003]. This effect was robust in the sensitivity analysis and larger when the supplementation at least 2000 mg niacin per day amounted to.

The researchers found in the meta-regression no changes in plasma HDL and LDL cholesterol or triglyceride levels and there was no significant effect of a Niacin Therapy on nitroglycerin-mediated dilation.

The researchers concluded that swallowing of niacin (vitamin B3) the vascular function improved.

Original title:
Effect of niacin on endothelial function: A systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Sahebkar a.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24391126

Additional information about El Mondo:
An improved vascular function lowers the chances of getting heart disease. Read more about vitamin B3 and heart disease.

Research Question:
Epidemiological studies have reported on the preventive effect of vitamin A intake on bladder cancer. However, the results are inconsistent. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Lowers a high intake of vitamin A or carotenoids the chances of getting bladder cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 25 studies (11 cohort and 14 patient-controls studies) between 1988 and 2013 with a total of 11580 people with bladder cancer.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found in the 11 studies that a high total vitamin A intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 18% [95% CI = 0.65-0.95, I2 = 46.3%] reduced

The researchers found that a high total vitamin A intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer in cohort studies non-significant 14% [95% CI = 0.67-1.03, I2 = 33.3%] reduced.

The researchers found that a high total vitamin A intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer in case-control studies significantly with 32% [95% CI = 0.59-0.97, I2 = 60.4%] reduced.

The researchers found that a high retinol intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer non-significant 12% [95% CI = 0.73-1.02, I2 = 53.9%] reduced.

The researchers found that a high retinol blood value compared with low blood value, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 36% [95% CI = 0.38-0.90, I2 = 7.6%] reduced.

The researchers found that a high carotenoid intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 33% [95% CI = 0.55-0.79] reduced.

The researchers found that a high alpha-carotene intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 13% [95% CI = 0.76-0.99] reduced.

The researchers found that a high beta-carotene intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 11% [95% CI = 0.82-0.97] reduced.

The researchers found that a high beta-cryptoxanthin intake compared to a low intake, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 14% [95% CI = 0.73-1.00] reduced.

The researchers found that a high carotenoid blood value compared with low blood value, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 57% [95% CI = 0.55-0.79] reduced.

The researchers found that a high alpha-carotene blood value compared with low blood value, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 44% [95% CI = 0.37-0.75] reduced.

The researchers found that a high beta carotene blood value compared with low blood value, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 59% [95% CI = 0.05-0.78] reduced.

The researchers found that a high lutein and zeaxanthin blood value compared with low blood value, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 50% [95% CI = 0.12-0.87] reduced.

The researchers concluded that a diet high in vitamin A or carotenoids the chances of getting bladder cancer probably reduced. Probably because the reduced risk in cohort studies was non-significant.

Original title:
Vitamin A and risk of bladder cancer: a meta-analysis of epidemiological studies by Tong, Wang RJ, [...], Chen Y.

Link:
http://www.wjso.com/content/pdf/1477-7819-12-130.pdf

Additional information about El Mondo:
The reduced risk found in cohort studies now weighs once heavier than found in patient-control studies because cohort studies less are more sensitive to errors that may affect the results. Find here more studies on carotenoids.