Nutrition and health

Objectives:
There is little evidence whether eggs affect inflammation. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does egg consumption increase risk of inflammation?

Study design:
This review article included 8 RCTs assessed high sensitivity c-reactive protein (hs-CRP), 4 RCTs assessed interleukin-6 (IL-6) and 5 RCTs assessed tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found egg consumption did not affect hs-CRP [WMD = 0.24 mg/L, 95% CI = -0.43 to 0.90, I2 = 53.8%, p = 0.48], IL-6 [WMD = 0.20 pg/mL, 95% CI =  -0.71 to 1.11, I2 = 69.3%, p = 0.50] and TNF-α [WMD = -0.38 pg/mL, 95% CI = -0.87 to 0.10, I2 = 0.00%, p = 0.12] relative to controls.

The investigators concluded that egg consumption has no effect on serum biomarkers of inflammation in adults.

Original title:
Effect of Egg Consumption on Inflammatory Markers: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Clinical Trials by Sajadi Hezaveh Z, Khalighi Sikaroudi M, […], Soltani S.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31259415

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Inflammation in human body can be measured by means of biomarkers. These biomarkers are hs-CRP, IL-6 and TNF-α.
 

Objectives:
The prevalence of overweight/obesity in adults is raised to 39%, which is nearly tripled more than 1975. The alteration of the gut microbiome has been widely accepted as one of the main causal factors. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does probiotics supplementation prevent overweight/obesity in adults?

Study design:
This review article included 12 RCTs (11 randomized, double-blinded, controlled trials and 1 randomized, single-blinded, controlled trial) with a total of 821 participants (416 participants were given placebo and 405 participants were given probiotics).

7 RCTs included participants who consumed two or multiple strains of probiotics and 5 RCTs included participants who consumed a single strain of probiotics.
7 RCTs investigated a high dosage of probiotics (>1010 CFU) and 5 RCTs investigated lower dosage of probiotics (1010 CFU).
Probiotics were administered in different forms, including sachet, capsule, powder, kefir, yogurt and fermented milk.
Duration of the probiotics supplementation ranged from 8 to 24 weeks.

There was no significant publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found compared with control groups, probiotics supplementation resulted in a significantly reduction in body weight [WMD = -0.55, 95% CI = -0.91 to -0.19 kg, I2 = 64%, p = 0.003].
Subgroup analyses stratified by probiotics dosage, the number of probiotics strains or forms of probiotics showed the effects of probiotics supplementation on body weight were significantly reduced in trials with high dose of probiotics [WMD = -0.58, 95% CI = -0.92 to 0.23 kg], a single strain of probiotics [WMD = -0.49, 95% CI = -0.92 to -0.07 kg] and the capsule or powder of probiotics [WMD = -0.55, 95% CI = -0.84 to -0.26 kg].
Sensitivity analyses revealed that no particular studies significantly affected the summary effects of body weight.

The investigators found compared with control groups, probiotics supplementation resulted in a significantly reduction in BMI [WMD = -0.30, 95% CI = -0.43 to -0.18 kg/m², I2 = 59%, p = 0.006].
Subgroup analyses stratified by probiotics dosage, the number of probiotics strains or forms of probiotics showed the effects of probiotics supplementation on BMI were significantly reduced with the high dose [WMD = -0.29, 95% CI = -0.46 to -0.12 kg/m²] and single strain of probiotics [WMD = -0.36, 95% CI = -0.52 to -0.20 kg/m²].
Sensitivity analyses revealed that no particular studies significantly affected the summary effects of BMI.

The investigators found compared with control groups, probiotics supplementation resulted in a significantly reduction in waist circumference [WMD = -1.20, 95% CI = -2.21 to -0.19 cm, p = 0.02, I2 = 90%, p 0.00001].
Subgroup analyses stratified by probiotics dosage, the number of probiotics strains or forms of probiotics indicated the effects of probiotics supplementation on waist circumference were significantly reduced in trials with high dose of probiotics [WMD = -1.53, 95% CI = -2.64 to -0.41 cm], a single strain of probiotics [WMD = -1.69, 95% CI = -3.04 to -0.33 cm] and the food form of probiotics [WMD = -1.11, 95% CI = -1.64 to -0.59 cm].
Sensitivity analyses revealed that no particular studies significantly affected the summary effects of waist circumference.

The investigators found compared with control groups, probiotics supplementation resulted in a significantly reduction in fat mass [WMD = -0.91, 95% CI = -1.19 to -0.63 kg, p 0.00001, I2 = 43%, p = 0.08] and fat percentage [WMD = -0.92, 95% CI = -1.27 to -0.56%, p 0.00001, I2 = 57%, p = 0.04].
Subgroup analyses stratified by probiotics dosage, the number of probiotics strains and forms of probiotics indicated that the effect of probiotics supplementation on fat mass was significantly reduced, showing a greater decrease in fat mass with high dosage probiotics WMD -1.08, 95% CI = -1.21 to -0.95 kg] compared to low dosage probiotics [WMD = -1.00, 95% CI = -1.59 to -0.42 kg], a greater decrease with single strain probiotics [WMD = -1.15, 95% CI = -1.28 to -1.02 kg] compared to multiple strain probiotics [WMD = -0.60, 95% CI = -0.94 to -0.26] kg] and a greater decrease with administration probiotics in the form of food [WMD = -1.13, 95% CI = -1.58 to -0.67 kg] compared to in the forms of capsule or powder [WMD = -1.07, 95% CI = -1.20 to -0.94 kg].
No particular study significantly affected the pooled effect of probiotics on fat mass and fat percentage by sensitivity analyses.

The investigators found compared with control groups, probiotics supplementation significantly improved total cholesterol levels [SMD = -0.43, 95% CI = -0.80 to -0.07, p = 0.02, I2 = 73%, p = 0.001].
Subgroup analyses only stratified by probiotics dosage and the number of probiotics strains indicated the effects of probiotics supplementation on total cholesterol were significantly reduced in trials with single strain probiotics [WMD = -0.61, 95% CI = -1.54 to -0.32], compared to multiple strain probiotics [WMD = -0.39, 95% CI = -0.66 to -0.13].
Sensitivity analyses revealed that no particular studies significantly affected the summary effects of total cholesterol.

The investigators found compared with control groups, probiotics supplementation significantly improved LDL-cholesterol levels [SMD = -0.41, 95% CI = -0.77 to -0.04, p = 0.03, I2 = 73%, p = 0.001].
Subgroup analyses stratified by probiotics dosage and the number of probiotics strains indicated the effects of probiotics supplementation on LDL-cholesterol were significantly reduced in trials with multiple strain probiotics [WMD = -0.33, 95% CI = -0.57 to -0.09]. Sensitivity analyses revealed that no particular studies significantly affected the summary effects of LDL-cholesterol.

The investigators found compared with control groups, probiotics supplementation significantly improved fasting plasma glucose (FPG) [SMD = -0.35, 95% CI = -0.67 to -0.02, p = 0.04, I2 = 64%, p = 0.02].

The investigators found compared with control groups, probiotics supplementation significantly improved insulin [SMD = -0.44, 95% CI = -0.84 to -0.03, p = 0.03, I2 = 76%, p = 0.0008].

The investigators found compared with control groups, probiotics supplementation significantly improved HOMA-IR [SMD = -0.51, 95% CI = -0.96 to -0.05, p = 0.03, I2 = 76%, p = 0.003].

The investigators concluded probiotics supplementation during 8 to 24 weeks reduces the body weight and fat mass and improves some of the lipid and glucose metabolism parameters, although some of the effects were small. Probiotics may become a new potential strategy for the prevention and treatment of overweight/obesity in adult individuals.

Original title:
The Potential Role of Probiotics in Controlling Overweight/Obesity and Associated Metabolic Parameters in Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Wang ZB, Xin SS, [...], Zhang XD.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6500612/

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Objectives:
Previous studies reported that magnesium deficiency was associated with vascular calcifications, atherosclerosis and cardiovascular disease, which might play an independent pathogenic role in chronic kidney disease (CKD) and end-stage renal disease (ESRD) patients. However, the results of these studies were somewhat underpowered and inconclusive. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does hypomagnesemia (a low blood magnesium concentration) increase risk of mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease?

Study design:
This review article included 20 studies involving 200,934 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found hypomagnesemia significantly increased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease with 32% [multivariable adjusted HR = 1.32, 95% CI = 1.19-1.47, p 0.00001]. 

The investigators found, on the contrary, hypermagnesemia (a high blood magnesium concentration) significantly decreased risk of all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease with 14% [HR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.79-0.94, p = 0.001] (per unit increase).

The investigators found, moreover, hypermagnesemia significantly decreased risk of cardiovascular mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease with 29% [adjusted HR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.53-0.97, p = 0.03]. 

The investigators found subgroup analysis showed that hypomagnesemia significantly increased all-cause mortality in hemodialysis patients with 29% [HR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.12-1.50, p = 0.0005].

The investigators concluded hypomagnesemia (a low blood magnesium concentration) increases cardiovascular and all-cause mortality in patients with chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease. Further studies evaluating benefits of magnesium correction in chronic kidney disease and dialysis patients with hypomagnesemia should be performed.

Original title:
Serum magnesium, mortality, and cardiovascular disease in chronic kidney disease and end-stage renal disease patients: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Xiong J, He T, […], Zhao J.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30888644

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Normal values of serum magnesium are considered those between 0.7 and 1.0 mmol/L.
Hypomagnesemia has a serum magnesium concentration of 0.7 mmol/L.
Blood magnesium concentration can be increased by eating magnesium-rich foods and/or taking magnesium supplements.

Objectives:
Insulin resistance, dyslipidemia and increased systemic inflammation are important risk factors for chronic kidney disease (CKD). Hence, vitamin D administration might be an appropriate approach to decrease the complications of chronic kidney disease. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Have vitamin D supplements beneficial effects on people with chronic kidney disease?

Study design:
This review article included 17 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found pooling findings from 5 RCTs revealed a significant reduction in fasting glucose among people with chronic kidney disease [WMD = -18.87, 95% CI = -23.16 to -14.58] following the administration of vitamin D.

The investigators found pooling findings from 3 RCTs revealed a significant reduction in homeostatic model assessment of insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) among people with chronic kidney disease [WMD = -2.30, 95% CI = -2.88 to -1.72] following the administration of vitamin D.

The investigators found pooling findings from 6 RCTs revealed a significant reduction in triglycerides among people with chronic kidney disease [WMD = -32.52, 95% CI = -57.57 to -7.47] following the administration of vitamin D or treatment.

The investigators found pooling findings from 5 RCTs revealed a significant reduction in total cholesterol concentrations among people with chronic kidney disease [WMD = -7.93, 95% CI = -13.03 to -2.83] following the administration of vitamin D or treatment.

The investigators found there was no effect on insulin, HbA1c, LDL and HDL cholesterol and CRP levels among people with chronic kidney disease following the administration of vitamin D or treatment.

The investigators concluded there are beneficial effects of vitamin D supplementation or treatment on improving fasting glucose, HOMA-IR, triglycerides and total cholesterol levels among patients with chronic kidney disease.

Original title:
The effects of vitamin D treatment on glycemic control, serum lipid profiles, and C-reactive protein in patients with chronic kidney disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Milajerdi A, Ostadmohammadi V, […], Asemi Z.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31338797

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Objectives:
Does dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs (such as DHA, EPA, DPA and ALA) or fish consumption improve lung function?

Study design:
This review article included 9 cohort studies from the Cohorts for Heart and Aging Research in Genomic Epidemiology Consortium (n = 37,077 black and white participants).

In each cohort and each ancestry, separately, associations of dietary n-3 PUFA/fish intake with lung function were estimated in linear regression models.
Fixed-effects meta-analysis was used to generate summarized effect estimates across the cohorts and ancestries.

The lung function was measured by the forced expiratory volume in 1 second (FEV1) and the forced vital capacity (FVC).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found dietary DPA, DHA, EPA and fish intake significantly improved forced expiratory volume in one second (FEV1) and forced vital capacity (FVC).
However, dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) had little to no association with these lung function parameters.

The investigators found associations were similar for black and white participants and consistent in direction and magnitude across most cohort studies.

The investigators found for all participants, 1 standard deviation (SD) higher dietary intake of DPA (∼30 mg/d), DHA (∼200 mg/d) and EPA (∼150 mg/d) were associated with 12-16 mL higher FEV1 and 10-15 mL higher FVC.
The effect estimates for fish consumption were in the same direction but smaller in magnitude.

The investigators found ∼200 mg/d DHA and ∼150 mg/d EPA were associated with 28-32 mL higher FEV1 and 24-25 mL higher FVC in current smokers.

The investigators found ∼200 mg/d DHA and ∼150 mg/d EPA were associated with 17-21 mL higher FEV1 and 7-12 mL higher FVC in former smokers.

The investigators found ∼200 mg/d DHA and ∼150 mg/d EPA had little to no association with FEV1 and FVC in never smokers.

The investigators concluded that dietary ∼200 mg/d DHA, ∼30 mg/d DPA and ∼150 mg/d EPA and fish intake are associated with higher lung function, especially among current and former smokers.

Original title:
Positive Associations of Dietary Marine Omega-3 Polyunsaturated Fatty Acids with Lung Function: A Meta-analysis (P18-087-19) by Patchen B, Xu J, […], Cassano P.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6579416/  

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DHA, DPA and EPA are found in fish.

 

Objectives:
Whether exercise can improve cardiovascular health in kidney transplant recipients (KTRs) is unclear. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does exercise improve cardiovascular health in kidney transplant recipients?

Study design:
This review article included 12 RCTs (trials) in the review and 11 RCTs for further qualitative analysis.
Most trials provided a 30-60 minutes exercise session for 2-4 times per week.
In terms of the total intervention period, most trials ranged from 10 weeks to 6 months.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in 5 trials with a total of 199 participants that exercise had no effects on either systolic [MD = 1.67, 95% CI = -2.17 to 5.51, p = 0.39] or diastolic blood pressure [MD = 0.65, 95% CI = -4.02 to 5.32, p = 0.78].

The investigators found in 3 trials with a total of 261 participants that exercise had no significant benefits in overall lipid profile [MD = 0.03, 95% CI = -0.09 to 0.15, p = 0.62].
In subgroup analysis, total cholesterol [p = 0.15], LDL cholesterol [p = 0.83] and triglyceride [p = 0.82] were not ameliorated by exercise.

The investigators found in 2 trials with 22 subjects in the exercise group and 28 controls that a 12 months of resistance training or regimens of aerobic or resistance training for 12 weeks was not associated with an improvement in kidney function [MD = 2.60, 95% CI = -12.88 to 13.09, p = 0.74].

The investigators found that aerobic training, resistance training or the combination during 12 weeks to 12 months was not associated with an improvement on body weight [MD = -2.02, 95% CI = -8.24 to 4.20, p = 0.52, n = 3] or BMI [MD = 0.12, 95% CI = -1.52 to 1.77, p = 0.88, n = 4].

The investigators found in 2 trials with a total of 64 participants that a 12-week exercise showed a consistent improvement in small arterial stiffness [MD = -1.14, 95% CI = -2.19 to -0.08, p = 0.03].

The investigators found in 5 trials with a total of 202 participants that aerobic training, resistance training or combined method over the course of 12 weeks to 12 months had a significant improvement in exercise capacity (VO₂ peak) [MD = 2.25, 95% CI = 0.54 to 3.69, p = 0.01]. 

The investigators found exercise improved quality of life in different aspects, with significant enhancement in social functioning [MD = 16.76, 95% CI = 2.16 to 31.37, p = 0.02] and overall QOL scores [MD = 12.87, 95% CI = 6.80 to 18.94, p 0.01].

The investigators concluded exercise intervention in kidney transplant recipients improves arterial stiffness and it also improves exercise tolerance and quality of life. Additional long-term RCTs examining a greater number of patients are needed to understand the effects of exercise on cardiovascular health in kidney transplant recipients.

Original title:
Effects of exercise training on cardiovascular risk factors in kidney transplant recipients: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Chen G, Liu Gao L and Li X.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6534232/

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Objectives:
The role of fruit and vegetables (FVs) consumption in decreasing gallstone disease risk remains contradictory.Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does fruit or vegetables consumption reduce risk of gallstone disease?

Study design:
This review article included 1 cross-sectional study, 1 case-control studie and 9 cohort studies, covering approximately 33,983 patients with gallstone disease and 1,53,3752 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in a pooled analysis, vegetables consumption was significantly related to a decreased gallstone disease risk of 17% [RR  =  0.83, 95% CI = 0.74-0.94, I2  =  91.1%]. This reduced gallstone disease risk was solid in most subgroup analysis.

The investigators found in a pooled analysis, fruits consumption was significantly related to a decreased gallstone disease risk of 12% [RR  =  0.88, 95% CI = 0.83-0.92, I2  =  0.01%].  
This reduced gallstone disease risk was solid in most subgroup analysis.

The investigators found nonlinear dose-response analysis indicated that gallstone risk was reduced by 4% [RR  =  0.96, 95% CI = 0.93-0.98, p =0.001] for every 200 g per day increment in vegetables consumption.

The investigators found nonlinear dose-response analysis indicated that gallstone risk was reduced by 3% [RR  =  0.97, 95% CI = 0.96-0.98, p =0.001] for every 200 g per day increment in fruits consumption.

The investigators concluded that vegetables and fruits consumption, particularly 200g fruits or 200g vegetables per day is correlated with a reduced risk of gallstone disease.

Original title:
Fruits and vegetables consumption and the risk of gallstone diasease: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Zhang JW, Xiong JP, [...], Zhao HT.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31305451

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Objectives:
Does calcium supplement with or without other drugs reduce risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension?

Study design:
This review article included 27 RCTs, with 28,492 pregnant women.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found calcium supplement significantly reduced risk of preeclampsia with 49% [RR = 0.51, 95% CI = 0.40 to 0.64].

The investigators found calcium supplement significantly reduced risk of gestational hypertension with 30% [RR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.60 to 0.82].

The investigators found sub-analyses revealed high-dose (1.2-2 g/day), moderate-dose (0.6-1.2 g/day) and low-dose (0.6 g/day) of calcium supplement significantly reduced risk of preeclampsia.

The investigators found sub-analyses revealed high-dose (1.2-2 g/day) and moderate-dose (0.6-1.2 g/day) of calcium supplement significantly reduced risk of gestational hypertension.

The investigators concluded high-dose (1.2-2 g/day) and moderate-dose (0.6-1.2 g/day) of calcium supplement reduced both risk of preeclampsia and gestational hypertension. However, further studies with direct comparison of different dose of calcium supplementation are needed to explore the ideal dose of calcium supplementation to prevent preeclampsia and gestational hypertension.

Original title:
The association between calcium supplement and preeclampsia and gestational hypertension: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized trials by Sun X, Li H, [...], Zhang X.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30935246

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Objectives:
Has L-carnitine supplementation positive effects on inflammatory mediators including C-reactive protein (CRP), tumor necrosis factor-α (TNF-α) and interleukin-6 (IL-6)?

Study design:
This review article included 13 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found L-carnitine supplementation was significantly associated with lower levels of CRP in comparison to controls [WMD = -1.23 mg/L, 95% CI = -1.73 to -0.72 mg/dL, p  0.0001].
This reduced effect was greatest during an intervention of more than 12 weeks.

The investigators found L-carnitine supplementation was also significantly associated with lower levels of IL-6 in comparison to controls [WMD = -0.85 pg/dL, 95% CI = -1.38 to -0.32 pg/dL, p = 0.002].
This reduced effect was greatest during an intervention of more than 12 weeks.

The investigators found L-carnitine supplementation was also significantly associated with lower levels of TNF-α in comparison to controls [WMD = -0.37 pg/dL, 95% CI = -0.68 to -0.06 pg/dL, p = 0.018].
This reduced effect was greatest during an intervention of more than 12 weeks.

The investigators concluded that L-carnitine supplementation reduces levels of inflammatory mediators, especially in studies with a duration of more than 12 weeks. Further studies with different doses and intervention durations and separately in men and women are necessary.

Original title:
The effect of L-carnitine on inflammatory mediators: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized clinical trials by Haghighatdoost F, Jabbari M and Hariri M.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30915521 

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Objectives:
The role of chromium as a weight loss agent remains questionable and although previous meta-analyses findings have reported small reductions in body weight in individuals with overweight/obesity following chromium supplementation, there have been significant limitations with these findings. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do individuals with overweight/obesity benefit from chromium supplementation?

Study design:
This review article included 21 RCTs with a total of 1,316 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found pooled analysis showed significant reductions in anthropometric indices associated with body composition for:
-weight loss [WMD = -0.75 kg, 95% CI = -1.04 to -0.45, p  0.001];
-body mass index (BMI) [WMD = -0.40, 95% CI = -0.66 to -0.13, p = 0.003] and;
-body fat percentage [WMD = -0.68%, 95% CI = -1.32 to -0.03, p = 0.04] in individuals with overweight/obesity following chromium supplementation. No changes were detected in controls.

The investigators found subgroup analysis showed significant improvements in weight loss and body fat percentage, particularly for study durations ≤12 weeks and doses ≤400 μg/d chromium.

The investigators concluded ≤400 μg/d chromium supplementation during ≤12 weeks is associated with some improvements in body composition in subjects with obesity/overweight. The effect size was medium and the clinical relevance of chromium as a weight loss aid remains uncertain. Therefore, further investigation from larger and well-designed randomized controlled studies, especially in patients with diabetes, is warranted.

Original title:
A meta-analysis of the effect of chromium supplementation on anthropometric indices of subjects with overweight or obesity by Tsang C, Taghizadeh M, […], Jafarnejad S.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31115179

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Objectives:
Plasma creatinine has been described as a prognostic biomarker for Amyotrophic Lateral Sclerosis (ALS), but with conflicting results in the literature. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does a high plasma creatinine concentration reduce risk of ALS?

Study design:
This review article included 14 distinct cohorts (19 studies).

The overall quality of the studies was low mainly due to potential attrition bias and several studies did not report analyzable results raising concern regarding a potential reporting bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found for baseline plasma creatinine, mortality risk was 28% lower when creatinine was higher than 88.4 µmol/L [HR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.58 to 0.88, p = 0.0003] and was 25% lower if creatinine was above versus below the median [HR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.89, p = 0.0008].

The investigators found a significant positive correlation between plasma creatinine at baseline and functional score and between creatinine decline and functional score decline [p  0.0001 for both].

The investigators found, however, a negative correlation between plasma creatinine and functional score decline [p = 0.033].

The investigators concluded plasma creatinine seems to be a promising prognostic biomarker for ALS. However, new studies with sound methodology and standardized criteria for the evaluation of ALS progression should be conducted to validate plasma creatinine as a clinical biomarker for ALS prognosis.

Original title:
Plasma creatinine and amyotrophic lateral sclerosis prognosis: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Lanznaster D, Bejan-Angoulvant T, […], Blasco H.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30961401

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Objectives:
A high intake of dietary fibre has been associated with a reduced risk of diverticular disease in several studies. However, the dose-response relationship between fibre intake and diverticular disease risk has varied and the available studies have not been summarised in a meta-analysis yet. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Is there a dose-response relationship between fibre intake and reduced risk of diverticular disease?

Study design:
This review article included 5 prospective cohort studies with 19,282 cases (persons with a diverticular disease) and 865,829 participants.

There was no evidence of publication bias with Egger's test, p = 0.58.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found every 10 g/day increase of dietary fibre intake significantly reduced risk of diverticular disease with 26% [summary RR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.71-0.78, I2 = 0%]. This significantly reduced risk persisted in subgroup and sensitivity analyses.

The investigators found no evidence of a nonlinear association between dietary fibre intake and diverticular disease risk [p nonlinearity = 0.35].

The investigators found compared to 7.5 g/day, 20 g/day of dietary fibre intake significantly reduced risk of diverticular disease with 23%.

The investigators found compared to 7.5 g/day, 30 g/day of dietary fibre intake significantly reduced risk of diverticular disease with 41%.

The investigators found compared to 7.5 g/day, 40 g/day of dietary fibre intake significantly reduced risk of diverticular disease with 58%.

The investigators found every 10 g/day increase of dietary cereal fibre intake significantly reduced risk of diverticular disease with 26% [summary RR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.67-0.81, I2 = 60%, n = 4].

The investigators found every 10 g/day increase of dietary fruit fibre intake significantly reduced risk of diverticular disease with 44% [summary RR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.37-0.84, I2 = 73%, n = 2].

The investigators found every 10 g/day increase of dietary vegetable fibre intake non-significantly reduced risk of diverticular disease with 20% [summary RR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.45-0.1.44, I2 = 87%, n = 2].

The investigators concluded that 10-40 g/day dietary fiber intake, particularly cereal and fruit fibre reduces risk of diverticular disease. However, further studies are needed on fibre types and risk of diverticular disease and diverticulitis.

Original title:
Dietary fibre intake and the risk of diverticular disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies by Aune D, Sen A, […], Riboli E.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31037341

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40 grams of fiber per day corresponds to a diet with 2 grams of fiber per 100 kcal. The easiest way to follow a diet with 2 grams of fiber per 100 kcal is to choose only products/meals with 2 grams of fiber per 100 kcal. Check here which products/meals provide 2 grams of fiber per 100 kcal.

Diverticular disease is the general name for a common condition that causes small bulges (diverticula) or sacs to form in the wall of the large intestine (colon). Although these sacs can form anywhere in the colon, they are most common in the sigmoid colon (part of the large intestine closest to the rectum). The recent literature does not identify diverticular disease as a long-term risk factor for colorectal cancer.
 

Objectives:
Anemia is one of the major complications in predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease (CKD). A clearer cognition of the prognostic impact of hemoglobin (Hb) or hematocrit (Hct) target on the outcomes of predialysis patients with CKD is significant. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does higher hemoglobin levels decrease transfusion risk in predialysis patients with CKD?

Study design:
This review article included 13 RCTs involving 7,606 patients.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found compared to lower hemoglobin levels, predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease with higher hemoglobin levels had a significantly lower risk of 49% for transfusion [risk ratio = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.52 to 0.67, p 0.00001].

The investigators found, however, no significant difference in all-cause mortality [RR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.98 to 1.23, p = 0.11], stroke [RR = 1.32, 95% CI = 0.82 to 2.10, p = 0.25] and treatment of renal replacement including hemodialysis, peritoneal dialysis and renal transplant [RR = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.95 to 1.22, p = 0.23] between the higher hemoglobin group and the lower one.

The investigators concluded higher hemoglobin levels when treating predialysis patients with chronic kidney disease decrease the risk of transfusion without increasing the risk of death, stroke and treatment of renal replacement.

Original title:
Therapeutic targets for the anemia of predialysis chronic kidney disease: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials by Liu H, Ye Y, […], Liu X.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30755495

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Objectives:
Current research suggests conflicting evidence surrounding the association between serum magnesium levels and the diagnosis of attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD). Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does serum magnesium deficiency increase risk of ADHD?

Study design:
This review article included 7 observational studies, which reported the mean and standard deviation (SD) of magnesium concentration in both ADHD and control groups.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found random-effects meta-analysis showed that subjects with ADHD had 0.105 mmol/L [95% CI = -0.188 to -0.022, p 0.013, I2 = 96.2%, p = 0.0103] lower serum magnesium levels compared with to their healthy controls.

The investigators concluded this meta-analysis supports the theory that an inverse relationship between serum magnesium deficiency and ADHD exists. High heterogeneity amongst the included studies suggests that there is a residual need for observational and community-based studies to further investigate this issue.

Original title:
Magnesium status and attention deficit hyperactivity disorder (ADHD): A meta-analysis by Effatpanah M, Rezaei M, […], Hashemi R.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30807974

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Objectives:
The threshold for population-level optimal red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration among women of reproductive age for the prevention of neural tube defects has been estimated at 906 nmol/L. However, the dose-response relationship between folic acid intake and blood folate concentrations is uncharacterized. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there dose-response relationship between folic acid intake and blood folate concentrations?

Study design:
This review article included 23 articles for red blood cell folate and by 97 articles for serum/plasma folate.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in 17 studies red blood cell (RBC) folate concentration increased 1.78 fold [95% CI = 1.66 to 1.93] from baseline to steady-state at 375-570 µg folic acid/day and it took a median of 36 weeks of folic acid intake [95% CI = 27 to 52] to achieve steady-state red blood cell folate concentrations.

The investigators found for every 100 µg/day folic acid intake, serum/plasma folate concentrations increased 11.6% [95% CI = 8.4 to 14.9] from baseline to steady-state, over a median of 13 weeks [95% CI = 10 to 16].

The investigators concluded that there is a dose-response relationship between folic acid intake and changes in blood folate concentrations. At 375-570 µg folic acid/day, red blood cell folate concentrations increase 1.78 fold from baseline to steady-state, over a median of 36 weeks. For every 100 µg/day folic acid intake, serum/plasma folate concentrations increase 11.6% from baseline to steady-state, over a median of 13 weeks. These results can inform how much additional folic acid intake is needed among populations of women whose red blood cell folate concentrations are below the optimal threshold.

Original title:
Systematic Review and Bayesian Meta-analysis of the Dose-response Relationship between Folic Acid Intake and Changes in Blood Folate Concentrations by Crider KS, Devine O, […], Berry RJ.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6356991/

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Find here more information/studies about pregnancy and folaat (also called folic acid).
 

Objectives:
Diverse studies have investigated the impact of prenatal exposure to vitamin D levels on brain development. However, evidence in humans has never been systematically reviewed. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Has a high prenatal vitamin D level positive effect on brain development of the born child?

Study design:
This review article included 25 studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found comparing with the lowest category of prenatal 25(OH)D levels (vitamin D level in blood), the highest prenatal 25(OH)D levels had no significant effects on cognition [pooled beta coefficients = 0.95, 95% CI = -0.03 to 1.93, p = 0.05].

The investigators found comparing with the lowest category of prenatal 25(OH)D levels (vitamin D level in blood), the highest prenatal 25(OH)D levels had no significant effects on psychomotor development [pooled beta coefficients = 0.88, 95% CI = -0.18 to 1.93, p = 0.10].

The investigators found comparing with the lowest category of prenatal 25(OH)D levels (vitamin D level in blood), the highest prenatal 25(OH)D levels significantly reduced risk of ADHD of the born child with 28% [pooled relative risk = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.59 to  0.89, p = 0.002].

The investigators found comparing with the lowest category of prenatal 25(OH)D levels (vitamin D level in blood), the highest prenatal 25(OH)D levels significantly reduced risk of autism-related traits of the born child with 58% [pooled odds ratio = 0.42, 95% CI = 0.25 to 0.71, p = 0.001].

The investigators found there was little evidence for protective effects of high prenatal 25(OH)D for language development and behaviour difficulties of the born child.

The investigators concluded this meta-analysis provides supporting evidence that increased prenatal exposure to 25(OH)D levels is associated with reduced risk of ADHD and autism-related traits of the born child later in life. Associations represent a potentially high public health burden given the current prevalence of vitamin D deficiency and insufficiency among childbearing aging and pregnant women.

Original title:
Neurodevelopmental effects of prenatal vitamin D in humans: systematic review and meta-analysis by García-Serna AM and Morales E.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30696940

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Find more information/studies on vitamin D and pregnancy right here.

 

Objectives:
Previous meta-analysis showed an inverse association between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality. However, the relationship between caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and all-cause mortality is inconsistent. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do both caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption reduce all-cause mortality?

Study design:
This review article included 21 cohort studies with a total of 10,103,115 study participants and 240,303 deaths.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a nonlinear association between coffee consumption and all-cause mortality [p nonlinearity 0.001].

The investigators found compared with no or rare coffee consumption that 3 cups/d coffee consumption significantly reduced risk of all-cause mortality with 13% [RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.89].

The investigators concluded that 3 cups/d coffee consumption reduce risk of all-cause mortality. The reduced risks are similar for caffeinated coffee and decaffeinated coffee.

Original title:
Caffeinated and decaffeinated coffee consumption and risk of all-cause mortality: a dose-response meta-analysis of cohort studies by Li Q, Liu Y, […], Hu D.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30786114

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Find here more information/studies about coffee consumption and chronic diseases.
 

Objectives:
Fish consumption and dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs) may be associated with inflammatory bowel disease (IBD). Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there an association between fish consumption or dietary intake of n-3 polyunsaturated acids (PUFAs) and inflammatory bowel disease risk?

Study design:
This review article included 5 prospective cohort studies and 7 case-control studies with a total sample size of 282,610 participants which 2,002 of them were cases of inflammatory bowel disease (1,061 Crohn's disease (CD) and 937 ulcerative colitis (UC)).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found fish consumption significantly reduced risk of Crohn's disease with 46% [pooled effect size = 0.54, 95% CI = 0.31-0.96, p = 0.03].

The investigators found there was no relationship between total dietary n-3 PUFAs intake and inflammatory bowel disease risk [pooled effect size = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.80-1.72, p = 0.41].

The investigators found dietary long-chain n-3 PUFAs significantly reduced ulcerative colitis risk with 25% [pooled effect size = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.57-0.98, p = 0.03].

The investigators found no association between dietary α-linolenic acid (ALA) and inflammatory bowel disease risk [pooled effect size = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.63-2.17, p = 0.62].

The investigators concluded fish consumption reduces risk of Crohn's disease and dietary intake of long-chain n-3 PUFAs reduces risk of ulcerative colitis.

Original title:
Dietary intake of fish, n-3 polyunsaturated fatty acids, and risk of inflammatory bowel disease: a systematic review and meta-analysis of observational studies by Mozaffari H, Daneshzad E, […], Azadbakht L.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30680455

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Find here more information/studies about fish consumption, n-3 PUFAs and chronic diseases.
 

Objectives:
Probiotic supplementation in early life may be effective in preventing atopic dermatitis (AD); however, results regarding efficacy have been controversial. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Does probiotic supplementation in early life prevent atopic dermatitis in infants and children?

Study design:
This review article included 28 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found compared with controls, probiotic supplementation of mother was associated with a significantly reduced risk of 31% for atopic dermatitis in infants and children [OR = 0.69, 95% CI = 0.58-0.82, p  0.0001].

The investigators found compared with controls, the use of probiotics of mother during both the prenatal and the postnatal period significantly reduced the incidence of atopic dermatitis in infants and children with 33% [OR = 0.67, 95% CI = 0.54-0.82].
However, analysis of studies of probiotics given prenatally only or postnatally only did not reach statistical significance.

The investigators concluded that probiotic supplementation of mother during both the prenatal and the postnatal period reduces the incidence of atopic dermatitis in infants and children. These findings suggest that starting probiotic treatment during gestation and continuing through the first 6 months of the infant's life may be of benefit in the prevention of atopic dermatitis.

Original title:
Probiotic Supplementation for Prevention of Atopic Dermatitis in Infants and Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis by Li L, Han Z, […], He C.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30465329

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Objectives:
Inositol (ISL) embraces a family of simple carbohydrates with insulin-sensitizing properties, whose most common isoforms are Myo-inositol (MYO) and D-chiro inositol (DCI). Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Does inositol supplementation reduce gestational diabetes (GDM)?

Study design:
This review article included 5 RCTs with a total of  965 participants.
The primary outcome was the preventive effect on gestational diabetes, defined as the rate of gestational diabetes in women without a prior diagnosis of gestational diabetes.
Pooled results were expressed as odds ratio (OR) with a 95% confidence interval (95% CI).
No adverse effects were reported for inositol supplementation.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found inositol supplementation significantly reduced risk of gestational diabetes with 51% [OR = 0.49, p = 0.01]. However, this reduced risk was only significant in patients receiving 2g inositol twice daily.

The investigators found inositol supplementation significantly reduced risk of preterm delivery with 65% [OR = 0.35, 95% CI = 0.17-0.74, p = 0.006]. However, this reduced risk was only significant in patients receiving 2g inositol twice daily.

The investigators concluded double administration of inositol 2g per day reduces gestational diabetes rate and preterm delivery rate. Therefore, inositol supplementation may represent a novel strategy for gestational diabetes prevention.

Original title:
Inositol for the prevention of gestational diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Vitagliano A, Saccone G, […], Berghella V.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30564926

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Objectives:
Is there an association between vitamin D and Parkinson's disease risk?

Study design:
This review article included 8 studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found when compared with normal controls, 25-hydroxyvitamin D insufficiency (30 ng/mL) significantly increased risk of Parkinson's disease with 77% [OR = 1.77, 95% CI = 1.29 to 2.43, p 0.001].

The investigators found when compared with normal controls, 25-hydroxyvitamin D deficiency (20 ng/mL) significantly increased risk of Parkinson's disease with 155% [OR = 2.55, 95% CI = 1.98 to 3.27, p 0.001].

The investigators found 15 minutes/week sunlight exposure significantly decreased risk of Parkinson's disease with 98% [OR = 0.02, 95% CI = 0.00 to 0.10, p 0.001].

The investigators found the use of vitamin D supplements was effective in increasing 25-hydroxyvitamin D levels [SMD = 1.79, 95% CI = 1.40 to 2.18, p 0.001], but had no significant effect on motor function [MD = -1.82, 95% CI = -5.10 to 1.45, p = 0.275] in patients with Parkinson's disease.

The investigators concluded that insufficiency and deficiency of 25-hydroxyvitamin D (vitamin D in blood) and reduced exposure to sunlight increase risk of Parkinson's disease. However, vitamin D supplements show no significant benefits in improving motor function for patients with Parkinson's disease.

Original title:
The Association Between Vitamin D Status, Vitamin D Supplementation, Sunlight Exposure, and Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Zhou Z, Zhou R, [...], Li K.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30672512

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Find here more information/studies about vitamin D and chronic diseases.
 

Objectives:
Infertility, which affects ∼15% of the world's population, is a global public health issue recognized by the WHO. Therefore, it is of major clinical and public health importance to investigate whether modifiable lifestyle factors,such as stress, drug use, smoking, alcohol intake and diet may influence human fertility. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

What is the effect of supplementation of nutrients on sperm quality parameters?

Study design:
This review article included 28 articles (RCTs) for qualitative analysis and 15 for quantitative meta-analysis.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found total sperm concentrations were significantly increased by:
-selenium [MD = 3.91 × 106 spz/mL, 95% CI = 3.08 to 4.73 spz/mL];
-zinc [MD = 1.48 × 106 spz/mL, 95% CI = 0.69 to 2.27 spz/mL];
-omega 3 fatty acids [MD = 10.98 × 106 spz/mL, 95% CI = 10.25 to 11.72 spz/mL] and
-coenzyme Q10 [MD = 5.93 × 106 spz/mL, 95% CI = 5.36 to 6.51 spz/mL].

The investigators found sperm counts were significantly increased by:
-omega 3 fatty acids [MD = 18.70 × 106 spz/mL, 95% CI = 16.89 to 20.51 spz/mL] and
-coenzyme Q10 [MD = 10.15 × 106 spz/mL, 95% CI = 8.34 to 11.97 spz/mL].

The investigators found sperm total motility was significantly increased by:
-selenium [MD = 3.30%, 95% CI = 2.95% to 3.65%];
-zinc [MD = 7.03%, 95% CI = 6.03% to 8.03%];
-omega 3 fatty acids [MD = 7.55%, 95% CI = 7.09% to 8.01%];
-coenzyme Q10 [MD = 5.30%, 95% CI = 4.98% to 5.62%] and
-carnitines [MD = 7.84%, 95% CI = 6.54% to 9.13%].

The investigators found sperm progressive motility significantly increased by supplementation with carnitines [MD = 7.45%, 95% CI = 6.24% to 8.67%].

The investigators found sperm morphology was significantly enhanced by:
-selenium [MD = 1.87%, 95% CI = 1.50% to 2.24%];
-omega 3 fatty acid [MD = 0.91%, 95% CI = 0.69% to 1.13%];
-coenzyme Q10 [MD = 1.06%, 95% CI = 0.72% to 1.41%] and
-carnitine [MD = 4.91%, 95% CI = 3.68% to 6.15%].

The investigators concluded evidence from RCTs shows that some dietary supplements beneficially modulate sperm quality parameters and affect male fertility. However, results must be cautiously interpreted due to the limited sample size of the meta-analyzed studies and the considerable observed interstudy heterogeneity.

Original title:
The Effect of Nutrients and Dietary Supplements on Sperm Quality Parameters: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials by Salas-Huetos A, Rosique-Esteban N, […], Salas-Salvadó J.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30462179

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Objectives:
Is there an association between dietary factors and the risk of gout and hyperuricemia?
 
Study design:
This review article included 10 prospective cohort studies (the follow-up duration ranged from 6 years to 26 year) and 9 cross-sectional studies.

Based on the Newcastle-Ottawa Scale (NOS), the quality assessment of included studies yielded a mean NOS score of 7.1, suggesting the presence of high methodologic quality.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in meta-analysis that the risk of getting gout significantly increased with:
29% [OR = 1.29, 95% CI = 1.16-1.44] for dietary red meat intake;
31% [OR = 1.31, 95% CI = 1.01-1.68] for dietary seafoods intake;
158% [OR = 2.58, 95% CI = 1.81-3.66] for dietary alcohol intake;
114% [OR = 2.14, 95% CI = 1.65-2.78] for dietary fructose intake.

The investigators found in meta-analysis that the risk of getting gout significantly decreased with:
44% [OR = 0.56, 95% CI = 0.44-0.70] for dietary dairy products intake;
15% [OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.76-0.96] for dietary soy foods intake;
14% [OR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.75-0.98] for dietary high-purine vegetables intake;
53% [OR = 0.47, 95% CI = 0.37-0.59] for dietary coffee intake.

The investigators found in meta-analysis that the risk of getting hyperuricemia (an excess of uric acid in the blood) significantly increased with:
24% [OR = 1.24, 95% CI = 1.04-1.48] for dietary red meat intake;
47% [OR = 1.47, 95% CI = 1.16-1.86] for dietary seafoods intake;
106% [OR = 2.06, 95% CI = 1.60-2.67] for dietary alcohol intake;
85% [OR = 1.85, 95% CI = 1.66-2.07] for dietary fructose intake.

The investigators found in meta-analysis that the risk of getting hyperuricemia (an excess of uric acid in the blood) significantly decreased with:
50% [OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.37-0.66] for dietary dairy products intake;
30% [OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.56-0.88] for dietary soy foods intake.

The investigators found in meta-analysis that the risk of getting hyperuricemia (an excess of uric acid in the blood) non-significantly increase with:
10% [OR = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.88-1.39] for dietary high-purine vegetables intake.

The investigators found in meta-analysis that the risk of getting hyperuricemia (an excess of uric acid in the blood) non-significantly decreased with 24% [OR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.55-1.06] for dietary coffee intake in men.
Non-significantly because OR of 1 was found in the 95% CI of 0.55 to 1.06. OR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found in meta-analysis that the risk of getting hyperuricemia (an excess of uric acid in the blood) significantly increased with 58% [OR = 1.58, 95% CI = 1.16-2.16] for dietary coffee intake in women.
Significant because OR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 1.16 to 2.16. OR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators concluded that the risk of hyperuricemia and gout is positively correlated with the dietary intake of red meat, seafoods, alcohol or fructose and negatively with dairy products or soy foods. High-purine vegetables show no association with hyperuricemia, but negative association with gout. Coffee intake is negatively associated with gout risk, whereas it is positively associated with hyperuricemia risk in women.

Original title:
Dietary factors and risk of gout and hyperuricemia: a meta-analysis and systematic review by Li R, Yu K and Li C.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30485934

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Objectives:
Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is the most distressful complication of herpes zoster. Postherpetic neuralgia results in an impaired quality of life and higher healthcare utilization. Vitamin B12 has been proven to be effective in pain relief for various conditions. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do postherpetic neuralgia patients benefit from vitamin B12 supplementation?

Study design:
This review article included 4 RCTs (published between 2013 and 2016) including 383 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found compared with the placebo group, the vitamin B12 group exhibited a significant decrease in the Numeric Rating Scale score, with a mean difference of -4.01 [95% CI = -4.70 to -3.33].

The investigators found compared with the placebo group, vitamin B12 administration improved the quality of life of postherpetic neuralgia patients with moderate quality evidence and significantly decreased the number of patients using analgesics.

The investigators concluded that vitamin B12 appears to be an attractive complementary therapy for postherpetic neuralgia patients. However, further investigation is needed before conclusive recommendations can be made.

Original title:
Vitamin B12 for herpetic neuralgia: A meta-analysis of randomised controlled trials by Wang JY, Wu YH, [...], Lu PH.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30477853

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Postherpetic neuralgia (PHN) is a nerve pain (neuralgia) that persists after a shingles rash has cleared. Postherpetic neuralgia is caused by the chickenpox (varicella-zoster) virus.
 

Objectives:
The timing of the introduction of egg to an infant's diet is of current interest, as new evidence raises questions regarding the benefit of delaying egg introduction. Therefore, this meta-analysis (systematic review) has been conducted.

Does early introduction of egg into an infant’s diet reduce risk of egg allergy?

Study design:
This review article included 6 RCTs with a total of 3,032 participants.
The RCTs compared early (between 3 and 6 months of age) egg introduction to no early introduction. The primary outcome was the development of egg allergy.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found compared early (between 3 and 6 months of age) egg introduction to no early introduction, early introduction of egg significantly reduced risk of egg allergy with 40% [RR = 0.60, 95% CI = 0.44-0.82, p = 0.002, I2 = 23%, low to moderate level of evidence].

The investigators found the absolute risk reduction for a population with an incidence of egg allergy was 9.3% or 37 fewer cases [95% CI = 17-52] per 1,000 people.

The investigators found consumption of 4,000 mg/week of egg protein had a greater preventive effect than a higher dose.

The investigators concluded that introduction of egg into an infant’s diet between 3 and 6 months of age reduces risk of egg allergy, particularly for 4,000 mg/week of egg protein. Furthermore, the nature and dose of egg protein exposure may play a role. These findings should be addressed in the context of primary studies.

Original title:
Early Introduction of Egg and the Development of Egg Allergy in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Al-Saud B and Sigurdardóttir ST.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30184525

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