Voeding en gezondheid

Research Question:
High sodium intake increases the risk of dying from heart disease?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 11 prospective cohort studies with 229785 participants and an average follow-up time of 13.37 years (5.5-19 years).

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that a high sodium intake the likelihood of dying from heart disease significantly with 12% increased [RR = 1.12, 95% CI = 1.06-1.19].

The researchers found in a meta-regression that every increase of 10 mmol (230 mg) sodium per day the chances of dying from heart disease significantly with 1% (p = 0.016) increased.

The researchers concluded that a high sodium intake the likelihood of dying from heart disease among the general population increased.

Original title:
Daily sodium consumption and CVD mortality in the general population: systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective studies by Poggio R, Gutierrez L, [...], Rubinstein A.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24848764

information of El Mondo:
Find here more studies on heart disease and sodium.

A sodium rich (or salt rich) diet is a diet with more than 0.5 grams of sodium per 100 g.

Research Question:
To date, there is insufficient evidence on the effect of magnesium supplements on blood pressure. This meta-analysis was therefore carried out to the effect of magnesium supplements on blood pressure rate.

Magnesium supplements reduce blood pressure?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 22 Rcts with 1173 participants, a follow-up duration from 3 to 24 weeks and an average magnesium intake of 410 mg (120-973 mg) per day.

Results and conclusions:
The meta-analysis showed that a magnesium intake the systolic blood pressure (the top number) significantly with 3-4 mmHg and diastolic pressure (underpressure) significantly with 2-3 mmHg did decrease, with a further drop in blood pressure at a magnesium intake of > 370 mg per day.

The researchers concluded that magnesium supplements (410 mg per day) gave a slight drop in blood pressure but it was clinically significant.

Original title:
Effect of magnesium supplementation on blood pressure: a meta-analysis by K L, Weekes J and Carpenter L.

Link:
http://www.nature.com/ejcn/journal/v66/n4/full/ejcn20124a.html

Additional information about El Mondo:
Choose magnesiumtaurinaat in magnesium supplements.

Research Question:
Prospective studies that the association between the magnesium intake through diet or the serum magnesium levels and the risk of getting heart disease, showed conflicting findings see examined. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Lowering a high magnesium intake via diet and a high serum magnesium chances of getting heart disease?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 19 prospective cohort studies (11 studies on magnesium intake via diet, 6 studies on serum magnesium and 2 studies on both) with 532979 participants, of which 19926 participants who got heart disease. The follow-up duration was 7 to 30 years. There was no question of publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that eating 468 mg magnesium per day compared with 223 mg, chances of getting heart disease significantly with 15% [95% CI = 0.78-0.92, there was a low heterogeneity between the studies] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found a non-linear relationship between the magnesium intake via diet and reduced risk of getting heart disease. The reduced risk was highest between 150 and 400 mg of magnesium per day.

The researchers found that eating magnesium chances of getting heart disease in men with non-significant 13% [95% CI = 0.74-1.00] reduced and in women significantly with 14% [95% CI = 0.76-0.95] reduced. Non-significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that each increase with 100 mg of magnesium per day the chance of getting heart disease significantly with 9% [95% CI = 0.86-0.96, there was a low heterogeneity between the studies] reduced. Not significant because the risk of 1 in the 95% CI of 0.86-0.96 sat.

The researchers found that the serum magnesium content of 2.07 mEq/L compared with 1.36 mEq/L, chances of getting heart disease significantly with 23% [95% CI = 0.66-0.87, there was a low heterogeneity between the studies] reduced.

The researchers found a linear relationship between the serum magnesium and the reduced risk of getting heart disease. The linear relationship was found between 1.44 and 1.8 mEq/l with a significant, lowered risk of 9% [95% CI = 0.85-0.97] per 0.1 mEq/l.

The researchers concluded that a non-linear relationship existed between the magnesium intake via food (150-400 mg per day) and the reduced risk of heart disease and a linear relationship existed between the serum magnesium (1.44-1.8 mEq/l) and the reduced risk of heart disease.

Original title:
Magnesium and the Risk of Cardiovascular Events: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Cohort Studies by Qu X, Jin F, [...], Dai K.

Link:
http://www.plosone.org/article/info%3Adoi%2F10.1371%2Fjournal.pone.0057720   

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about magnesium.

Research Question:
The association between the intake of magnesium through diet and the risk of getting colorectal cancer (colon cancer) is in many prospective studies examined, but it remains controversial because of inconsistent results. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Eating magnesium lowers the chances of getting colon cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 7 prospective cohort studies until June 2012 with 333510 participants, of which 7435 patients with colon cancer.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that eating a lot of magnesium compared with little magnesium, the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 19% [95% CI = 0.70-0.92] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that eating a lot of magnesium compared with little magnesium, the chances of getting colon cancer in women significantly with 19% [95% CI = 0.68-0.94] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that eating a lot of magnesium compared with little magnesium, the chances of getting colon cancer in men with non-significant 24% [95% CI = 0.51-1.01] reduced. Non-significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

The researchers found a non-linear relationship between magnesium intake via diet and reduced risk of getting colon cancer. The reduced risk was the largest at 200-270 mg of magnesium per day.

The researchers concluded that eating 200-270 mg of magnesium per day the chances of getting colon cancer, especially in women reduced.

Original title:
Nonlinear association between magnesium intake and the risk of colorectal cancer by Xinhua Fangchun Q, J, [...], Kerong D.

Link:
http://journals.lww.com/eurojgh/Abstract/2013/03000/Nonlinear_association_between_magnesium_intake_and.7.aspx

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about magnesium.

Colorectal cancer almost always arises from a polyp. A dikkedarmpoliep is an overgrowth of the lining of the colon. Most polyps are benign tumors and will continue too. Only in a small percentage polyps come "troubled cells" for. When malignant cells grow in the wall of the colon, we speak of colorectal cancer. 
Most of the tumors (50 to 60%) originates in the last parts of the colon: the sigmoid and rectum.

Colon cancer occurs mainly in people of 60 years of age and older. But colon cancer can also occur on (much) younger age. At 5 to 10% of patients with colon cancer there is heredity.

Colon cancer occurs slightly more often in men than in women.

Study Design:
This overview article contained 8 cross-sectional studies and 2 prospective cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that 150 mg of magnesium per day through diet, the chances of getting it metabolic syndrome in adults significantly with 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.84-0.93, I2 = 36.3%] reduced.

The researchers found in the meta-regression analysis an inversely proportional relationship between the intake of magnesium (mg/day) through diet and getting the metabolic syndrome.

The researchers concluded that eating 150 mg of magnesium per day the chances of getting it reduced metabolic syndrome in adults. However, Rcts are needed to determine the causal connection between the magnesium intake and prevention of the metabolic syndrome.

Original title:
Dietary magnesium intake and metabolic syndrome in the adult population: dose-response meta-analysis and meta-regression by Ju SY, Choi WS, [...], Kim DH.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25533010

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on the prevention of the metabolic syndrome and overgeiwicht.
These meals contain 150 mg of magnesium.
Which products deliver 150 mg of magnesium, you can look up here.
 

Research Question:
Eating magnesium lowers the chances of getting cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 6 case-control studies and cohort studies with 1236004 participants together 7.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that a high magnesium intake through diet, the chance of getting cancer significantly with 19.1% [RR = 0.801, 95% CI = 0.664-0.966] reduced.

The researchers found that a high magnesium intake through diet, the chance of getting cancer significantly with 33.7% [RR = 0.663, 95% CI = 0.475-.925] in case-control study reduced.

The researchers found that a high magnesium intake through diet, the chance of getting cancer non-significant with 11.2% [RR = 0.888, 95% CI: 0.745-1.060] in prospective cohort study reduced.

The researchers found that a high magnesium intake through diet, the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 22.5% [RR = 0.775, 95% CI =-0.919 0.655] reduced.

The researchers found that a high magnesium intake through diet, the chance of getting cancer significantly reduced in women but not in men.

The researchers concluded that eating much magnesium the chance of getting cancer, especially colon cancer and especially among women reduced.

Original title:
Dietary Magnesium Intake and Risk of Cancer: A Meta-Analysis of an epidemiological Studies by Ko HJ, Youn CH, [...], Lee WK.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24910891

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on colon cancer and magnesium.
 

Research Question:
Eating potassium lowers blood pressure?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 22 Rcts with 1606 participants and 11 cohort studies with 127038 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that an increased potassium intake through feeding the systolic blood pressure significantly with 3.49 mmHg [95% CI = 1.82-5.15] and vacuum significantly with 1.96 mmHg [95% CI = 0.86-3.06] in people with high blood pressure, lowered. This reduced effect was not found in people with normal blood pressure.

The researchers found that a potassium intake of 90-120 mmol per day the systolic blood pressure significantly with 7.16 mmHg [95% CI = 1.91-12.41] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability. The reduced effect was not dose-dependent and the reduced effect took over 120 mmol per day not matter anymore.

The researchers found that an increased potassium intake via diet had no significant negative effect on the kidney function, the blood fats or catecholamineconcentratie in adults.

The researchers found that an increased potassium intake the likelihood of getting a stroke significantly with 24% [95% CI = 0.66-0.89] reduced.

The researchers found that an increased potassium intake chances of getting heart disease non-significant 4% [95% CI = 0.78-1.19] reduced. Non-significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability, but a trend.

The researchers concluded that eating 90-120 mmol (2.3-3.1 grams) potassium per day lowered blood pressure.

Original title:
Effect or increased potassium intake on cardiovascular risk factors and disease: systematic review and meta-analyses by Aburto NJ, Hanson S, [...], Cappuccio FP.

Link:
http://www.bmj.com/highwire/filestream/639308/field_highwire_article_pdf/0/bmj.f1378

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about potassium.

Research Question:
Prospective cohort studies have the relationship between the daily intake of potassium and the incidence of cardiovascular diseases examined but their results are not entirely consistent. It was therefore carried out this review article.

The daily intake of potassium lowers the chances of getting heart disease?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 15 cohort studies with an average follow-up time of 12.2 years (5 to 19 years). The studies 247510 male and female participants, of which knew 7066 cases with stroke and 3058 cases with heart disease.

The potassium intake was obtained by 24-h dietary recall (n = 2), food frequency questionnaire (n = 6) or 24-hour urine (n = 3).

There was a significant heterogeneity between the studies and no question of publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
A pooled analysis showed that 1.64 g of potassium per day the chance of getting a stroke significantly reduced by 21% [95% CI = 0.68-0.90, p = 0.0007]. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.
A 21% significant reduction leads to a reduction in annual worldwide 1155000 death cases caused by a stroke.

There was a non-significant trend of a reduced risk of getting heart disease to spot. Non-significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

The researchers concluded that a high potassium intake (1.64 grams per day) reduced the chance of getting a stroke and possibly the chance of getting heart disease.

Original title:
Potassium Intake, Stroke, and Cardiovascular Disease: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies by D'Elia L, Barba G, [...], Strazzullo P.

Link:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0735109710049764

Additional information about El Mondo:
Potassium lowers blood pressure while sodium raises blood pressure. Read more about potassium.

Research Question:
The intake of potassium is inconsistently associated with the reduced risk of getting a stroke. It was therefore carried out this review article.

The consumption of potassium lowers the chances of getting a stroke?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 10 prospective cohort studies from 1987 to March 2011 with 268276 participants, of which 8695 people with stroke.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that every increase of 1 g of potassium per day the chance of getting a stroke significantly with 11% [95% CI = 0.83-0.97, with a slight heterogeneity between the studies, p = 0.03, I2 = 50.8%] reduced.
Significant is, there can be said with 95% reliability that each increase of 1 g of potassium per day the chance of getting a stroke reduced by 11%.

In the subgroup-analyses (to get additional information) with 5 studies the researchers found that potassium intake the chance of getting an ischemic stroke significantly with 11% [95% CI = 0.81-0.97] reduced.

In the subgroup analyses with 5 studies the researchers found that potassium intake the likelihood of getting a intracerebral hemorrhage with non-significant 5% [95% CI = 0.83-1.09] reduced.
Non-significant is, there cannot be said with 95% reliability that potassium intake the likelihood of getting a intracerebral hemorrhage with 5% reduced. Non-significant is, there is no link.

In the subgroup analyses with 5 studies the researchers found that potassium intake the likelihood of getting a subarachnoid hemorrhage non-significant with 8% [95% CI = 0.92-1.27] increased. Non-significant is, there is a trend but no connection at a 95% reliability.

The researchers concluded that eating potassium (1 gram per day or more) the chance of getting a stroke, in particular an ischemic stroke reduced.

Original title:
Dietary Potassium Intake and Risk of Stroke: A Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies Dose – Response by Larsson SC, Orsini N and Cloud A.

Link:
http://stroke.ahajournals.org/content/42/10/2746.full

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about potassium.  

Strokes are a heterogeneous group of disorders, associated with a sudden, local break of the cerebral blood flow, which causes a neurological deficit.
Can ischemic strokes are (80%), which is usually the result of thrombosis or capable of suppressing, or haemorrhagic (20%), which is the result of a vascular rupture (e.g., subarachnoid or intracerebral hemorrhage).
A stroke with symptoms, who less than 24 hours, is a transient ischemic attack (TIA = transient ischemic attack) called.
A stroke with symptoms, which take more than 24 hours, is a cerebral vascular attack (CVA) called.

Research Question:
Eating a potassium-rich diet lowers the chances of getting a stroke?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 14 cohort studies with 333250 participants, of which 10659 people with stroke.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that a high potassium intake through diet, the chance of getting a stroke significantly with 20% [RR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.72-0.90] reduced.

The researchers concluded that a high potassium intake through feeding reduced the chance of getting a stroke.

Original title:
Potassium-rich diet and risk of stroke: Updated meta-analysis by D'Elia L, Iannotta C, [...], Ippolito R.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24780514

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on stroke and what meals potassium rich, you can find it here.

Research Question:
Epidemiological and experimental studies support the hypothesis that heme iron in meat the chance of getting colon cancer (colorectal cancer) increases. This review article was conducted to confirm this hypothesis, or disprove.

Increases eating lots of heme-iron the chance of getting colon cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 7 prospective cohort studies with 566607 participants, of which 4734 people with colon cancer.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that eating a lot of heme-iron the chance of getting colon cancer significantly with 18% [95% CI = 1.06-1.32] increased. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers concluded that eating a lot of heme-iron the chance of getting colon cancer increased.

Original title:
Heme Iron from Meat and Risk of Colorectal Cancer: A Meta-analysis and a Review of the Mechanisms Involved by Bastide NM, the FHF and Pierre Corpet.

Link:
http://cancerpreventionresearch.aacrjournals.org/content/4/2/177.full.pdf+html

Additional information about El Mondo:
Heme iron is mainly in animal products, particularly in red meat. A high intake of heme-iron means, in practice, more than 500 grams of red meat or processed meat per week.
Read more about heme-iron.

Calcium, chlorophyll (chloroplasts), vitamin C and polyphenols can the harmful (= kankerstimulerende) effects of heme iron in the colon reducing.

Research Question:
Epidemiological findings concerning the relationship between intake of heme iron and zinc and getting colon cancer deliver contradictory results. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Heme iron and zinc intake via diet increase the chances of getting colon cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 8 prospective studies on heemijzerinname and 6 prospective studies on zinc intake.

There was minimal evidence of publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that a high heemijzerinname through feeding compared to a low intake, the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 14% [RR = 1.14, 95% CI = 1.04-1.24] increased. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that a high zinc intake via food compared to a low intake, the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 17% [RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.72-0.94] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found in a dose-dependent analysis that each increase with 1 mg heme iron per day, the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 11% [95% CI = 1.03-1.18] increased.

The researchers found in a dose-dependent analysis that every increase of 5 mg of zinc per day, the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 14% [95% CI = 0.78-0.96] reduced.

The researchers concluded that heemijzerinname (1 mg or more per day) through feeding the chance of getting colon cancer increased while zinc intake (5 mg or more per day) colon cancer reduced.

Original title:
Intakes or heme iron and zinc and colorectal cancer incidence: a meta-analysis of prospective studies by Lei Qiao and Yong Feng.

Link:
http://link.springer.com/article/10.1007/s10552-013-0197-x

Additional information about El Mondo:
Heme iron is mainly in red meat and hence the recommendation by the World Cancer Research Fund: eat no more than 500 grams of red meat per week (so the chances of getting colon cancer decrease).

Find here more studies on colon cancer.

Research Question:
Type 2 diabetics have benefit from swallowing chromium supplements?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 7 Rcts that lasted at least 3 months.
The dosage of chromium supplements was 250 mcg or higher.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that swallowing chromium supplements the sober type 2 diabetics blood sugar level significantly with 0.95 [95% CI =-1.42 to-0.49, p 0.0001] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that swallowing chromium supplements the HbA1c value of type 2 diabetics not significant with 0.33 [95% CI =-0.72 to 0.06, p = 0.1] reduced. Non-significant is, there is no link to a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that swallowing chromium supplements the triglyceride levels of type 2 diabetics not significant with 0.15 [95% CI =-0.36 to 0.07, p = 0.18] reduced..

The researchers found that swallowing chromium supplements the BMI of type 2 diabetics not significant with 0.07 [95% CI =-0.37 to 0.23, p = 0.66] reduced.

The researchers concluded that taking chromium supplements (minimum 250 mcg per day for at least 3 months) reduced blood sugar level of the sober suikerpatienten type 2 but not the HbA1c value, triglyceride levels and the BMI.

Original title:
Effect of Chromium on Glucose and Lipid Profiles in Patients with Type 2 Diabetes; A Meta-analysis Review of Randomized Trials by Farshchi A, M Abdollahi, [...], Seyedifar M.

Link:
http://ejournals.library.ualberta.ca/index.php/JPPS/article/view/18858/15149

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about chromium.

Research Question:
Lowers drinking milk bone loss?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 11 Rcts to november 2010 with 2397 participants. There was no publication bias.
The quantity of milk in most studies was 330 ml per day.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that the osteocalcinegehalte in people who drank milk compared with people who drank no milk, significantly with 5.9 ng/ml [95% CI =-7.23 to-4.57] reduced. Significant is, there is a link at a 95% reliability.

The researchers found that the total botgehalte of people who drank milk compared with people who drank no milk, significantly with 40.32 grams [95% CI = 17.58 to 63.05] increased.

The researchers found that the NTx-content in the urine of people who drank milk compared with people who drank no milk, significantly with 5.41 nmol/mmol [95% CI =-10.35 to-0.47] reduced.

The researchers found that the total bone density of people who drank milk compared with people who drank no milk, significantly with 0.01 g/c^m2 [95% CI =-0.02 to 0.03] increased, with a bordeline significance.

The researchers concluded that drinking milk (330 ml per day) to inhibit bone loss significantly weakened by the bone metabolism.

Original title:
Milk intake increases bone mineral content through inhibiting bone resorption: Meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Maa DF, Zhengb W, [...], W PY.

Link:
http://www.e-spenjournal.org/article/S2212-8263%2812%2900055-3/fulltext

Additional information about El Mondo:
The Osteocalcin is a substance that in the osteoblasts (bone cells that create the new bone) is made. The osteocalcinegehalte in the blood is related to the bone formation. In osteoporosis caused by an insufficient bone formation, the osteocalcinegehalte in the blood is reduced.

The hydroxyproline-, beta-CTx-and NTx-content in the urine reflect the degree of bone destruction.

The dairy recommendation in Netherlands is 450 ml (milk + dairy drink) per day. Read more about calcium.

Research Question:
Increases the swallow calcium supplements (not in combination with vitamin D) chances of getting heart disease?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 11 Rcts with 11920 participants, of which 296 people with a heart infarction. The average study duration was 4 years.

The daily dosage of calcium supplements was 500 mg or higher.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that swallowing calcium supplements the chance of getting a heart attack significantly with 27% [95% CI = 1.01-1.59, p = 0.038] increased.

The researchers found no link between taking calcium supplements and getting a stroke.

The researchers concluded that taking calcium supplements (500 mg per day or higher) the chance of getting a heart attack increased. A review of the role of calcium supplements in the management of osteoporosis is justified.

Original title:
Effect or calcium supplements on risk or myocardial infarction and cardiovascular events: meta-analysis by Bolland MJ, Avenell A, [...], Reid IR.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC2912459/

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read more about heart disease.
Read more about calcium.

Research Question:
Eating calcium increases probably the fat loss in the body during energy restriction. Part of this effect can be explained by an increased fat burning in the presence of a similar energy balance, but it does not give a conclusive answer scientific studies. Therefore, a meta-analysis carried out to determine whether a chronic or acute high calcium intake promotes fat burning.

Is there a relationship between calcium intake and fat burning?

Study Design:
The random-effects model and the standardized mean difference were used to the relationship between calcium intake and fat burning display.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that a high calcium intake fat burning, chronic (FAT oxidation) significantly increased by 11%. The standardized mean difference was 0.42 [95% CI = 0.14-0.69, P = 0.003]. Significant is, the increased fat burning was with 95% reliability due to a high, chronic calcium intake.

The researchers found that a high calcium intake, acute fat burning (FAT oxidation) significantly increased by 11%. The standardized mean difference was 0.41 [95% CI = 0.04-0.77, P = 0.03] but the sensitivity analysis showed that this effect was quite weak. Other said, it was not yet to say for sure whether a high calcium intake, acute fat burning really increased.

The researchers concluded that a high calcium intake increased fat burning, chronic but that more research is needed into the relationship between a high calcium intake, acute and fat burning.

Original title:
Effect of calcium intake on fat oxidation in adults: a meta-analysis of randomized, controlled trials by Gonzalez JT, Rumbold PLS and Stevenson EJ.

Link:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/j.1467-789X.2012.01013.x/abstract;jsessionid=8AB3F1FDF39A12F2BD523ECE2BCF72F7.d03t02?deniedAccessCustomisedMessage=&userIsAuthenticated=false

Additional information about El Mondo:
A high fat burning is conveniently when following a diet which aims to lose weight. Strength training can increase fat burning.

People who are overweight (BMI 25 >) are recommended to choose products by 20-30% fat, And for products with up to 7 And% saturated fat, And for products with 20-35% protein, And for products with up to 25% simple sugars, for products that deliver at least 1.5 grams of fiber per 100 kcal and for products with a low GI number (GI-number of 55 or below).

Onderzoeksvraag:
De bevindingen uit epidemiologische studies over calciuminname en het risico op een beroerte zijn tegenstrijdig. Daarom werd dit overzichtartikel uitgevoerd.

Bestaat er een relatie tussen calciuminname en het krijgen van een beroerte?

Studieopzet:
Dit overzichtsartikel bevatte 11 prospectieve cohort studies met 9095 mensen met een beroerte.

Resultaten en conclusies:
De onderzoekers vonden een non-lineair verband tussen calciuminname en het risico op het krijgen van een beroerte.

De onderzoekers vonden dat een verhoging met 300 mg calcium per dag bij mensen die minder dan 700 mg calcium per dag aten, het risico op het krijgen van een beroerte significant met 18% [95% BI = 0.76-0.88] verlaagde. Significant wil zeggen, er is een verband bij een 95% betrouwbaarheid.

De onderzoekers vonden dat een verhoging met 300 mg calcium per dag bij mensen die meer dan 700 mg calcium per dag aten, het risico op het krijgen van een beroerte significant met 3% [95% BI = 1.01-1.06] verhoogde. Significant wil zeggen, er is een verband bij een 95% betrouwbaarheid.

De onderzoekers vonden dat een verhoging met 300 mg calcium per dag bij Aziaten, het risico op het krijgen van een beroerte significant met 22% [95% BI = 0.71-0.87] verlaagde.

De onderzoekers concludeerden dat het verhogen van calcium onder zowel mensen die minder dan 700 mg calcium per dag aten als bij Aziaten, het risico op het krijgen van een beroerte verlaagde.

Oorspronkelijke titel:
Dietary calcium intake and risk of stroke: a dose-response meta-analysis by Larsson SC, Orsini N and Wolk A.

Link:
http://ajcn.nutrition.org/content/97/5/951.abstract

Extra informatie van El Mondo:
Lees hier meer over calcium.

Research Question:
Is there a link between a high coronary artery calcium score and getting heart disease in people with type 2 diabetes?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 8 prospective cohort studies with 6521 participants with diabetes type 2, 802 people with heart disease and a mean follow-up duration of 5.18 years.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that in people with type 2 diabetes, a coronary artery calcium score above 10 compared to under 10, the risk of both getting heart disease events significantly with 447% as all-cause mortality [RR = 5.47, 95% CI = 2.59-11.53, I2 = 82.4%, p 0.001] increased.
The sensitivity was 94% [95% BI = 89%-96%] and the specificity was 34%[95% BI = 24%-44%].

The researchers concluded that people with type 2 diabetes that a coronary artery calcium score above 10, had had an increased chance of getting both heart disease and all-cause mortality. The sensitivity of the coronary calcium score was high and the specificity was low.

Original title:
Coronary artery calcium score prediction of all cause mortality and cardiovascular events in people with type 2 diabetes: systematic review and meta-analysis by Kramer CK, Zinman B, [...], Retnakaran R.

Link:
http://www.bmj.com/content/346/bmj.f1654.abstract

Additional information about El Mondo:
The calcium score is an investigation into the levels of calcium in the coronary arteries with a CT scan. Calcium in the coronary arteries of the assassin the artery disease, which is the main cause of heart disease.

Read more about calcium.

Study Design:
This overview article contained observational prospective studies.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found in 15 studies (12305 patients with colon cancer. The calcium intake was 250-1900 mg/day and the follow-up duration was 3.3-16 years), that every 300 mg calcium (through feeding and nutritional supplements) per day, the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 8% [RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.89-0.95, I2 = 47%] reduced.

The researchers found in 6 studies (8839 patients with colon cancer, calcium intake = 0-1150 mg/day and follow-up duration = 5-10 years] that every 300 mg of calcium from dietary supplements a day, the chances of getting colon cancer significantly with 9% [RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.86-0.98, I2 = 67%] reduced.

The researchers found that the test for non-linearity was not significant [p non-linearity = 0.11].

The researchers concluded that calcium intake (both through feeding as dietary supplements) to above 1000 mg per day, the chances of getting colon cancer reduced.

Original title:
Calcium intake and colorectal cancer risk: Dose-response meta-analysis of prospective observational studies by Keum N, Aune D, [...], Giovannucci EL.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/24623471

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on calcium.