Nutritional Advice El Mondo

Nutritional advice

Elderly

Scientific studies (review articles) on the relationship between diet/nutrients and elderly prevention:
One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of randomized, placebo-controlled double blind clinical trials (RCTs) will answer the following question:
"Do taking dietary supplements make sense?" Yes for a positive conclusion and no for a negative conclusion.

One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of cohort studies or case-control studies will answer the following question:
"Should I change my diet?".

2023:

  1. High selenium dietary intake reduces hip fracture
  2. Lower serum magnesium concentrations increase fractures
  3. Lower blood carotenoid level is a risk factor for dementia
  4. High antioxidant dietary intake reduces Alzheimer's disease
  5. Fish consumption reduces Alzheimer's disease

2022:

  1. High dietary intake of vitamin E reduces dementia
  2. Skim milk, poultry and non-meat animal products reduce age-related eye disease
  3. 800-1,000 IU/d vitamin D3 reduces fracture and fall risk among elderly
  4. 400 IU/day to 300,000 IU vitamin D supplementation improves handgrip strength in postmenopausal women
  5. Higher concentration of carotenoids and vitamin E in blood reduce age-related macular degeneration
  6. Protein supplementation + exercise increase lower-extremity strength in healthy older Asian adults with sarcopenia

2021:

  1. 100 µg/d vitamin K2 + 1000 mg/d calcium supplements increase lumbar spine bone mineral
  2. Mushroom consumption reduces all-cause mortality
  3. 200-700 g/d fruits and vegetables consumption decreases frailty
  4. Monounsaturated fatty acids dietary intake reduces all-cause mortality
  5. Chair-based exercise programmes improve upper extremity and lower extremity function in older adults
  6. Supplementation with 320-729 mg/d magnesium may improve sleep in older adults with insomnia
  7. <11 g/day alcohol and <2.8 cups/day coffee reduce cognitive deficits
  8. Higher plasma DHA and EPA levels reduce advanced age-related macular degeneration
  9. Alcohol consumption increases risk of any fractures
  10. 0.5-50 mg/d carotenoid supplementation improves cognitive performance among healthy adults
  11. Daily 700-1000 mg dietary calcium intake increases cardiovascular disease in healthy postmenopausal women
  12. Daily egg consumption have beneficial effects on macular pigment optical density
  13. A high dietary intake of β-cryptoxanthin reduce osteoporosis and hip fracture

2020:

  1. EPA + DHA supplements for at least 6 months increase walking speed among the elderly
  2. 54 mg/day genistein increase bone mineral density in postmenopausal women
  3. Vitamin K + D supplement increase bone mineral density
  4. Dairy products increase bone mineral density in postmenopausal women:
  5. LDL cholesterol levels >121 mg/dL increase Alzheimer's disease
  6. Dietary intake of vitamin C-rich foods reduces risk of osteoporosis
  7. Higher linoleic acid blood concentration reduces cancer mortality
  8. Statins improve activities of daily living ability in Alzheimer disease patients
  9. Carbohydrate intake does not increase risk of fracture
  10. Middle-aged people with diabetes are at higher risk of developing dementia

2019:

  1. miRNAs may be a promising biomarker for Alzheimer's disease
  2. 1 drink or more per day increases osteoporosis
  3. Low folate levels increase risk of depression among the aged people
  4. Lower vitamin E levels increase Alzheimer's disease
  5. High serum uric acid level decreases risk of fractures
  6. Soy/soy products consumption reduce risk of mortality from cardiovascular diseases
  7. High homocysteine level increases Alzheimer disease
  8. One serving of fruits and vegetables per day reduces fractures
  9. Saturated fat increases Alzheimer disease
  10. Vegetable-based diet reduces osteoporosis in postmenopausal women
  11. Diet with high total antioxidant capacity decreases cancer mortality
  12. Potato consumption does not increase risk of mortality in adults
  13. Dietary intake of 5 mg/d vitamin A reduces age-related cataract

2018:

  1. Alzheimer's disease patients have a low plasma vitamin E level
  2. A diet with high antioxidant properties reduces all-cause mortality risk
  3. All-cause mortality risk is lowest with a diet with 50-55 En% carbohydrates
  4. A low selenium level in the brain increases Alzheimer’s disease
  5. Monounsaturated fatty acids intake derived from animal sources increase risk of fracture
  6. High fish consumption decreases risk of age-related macular degeneration
  7. Coronary heart disease and heart failure increase risk of dementia
  8. Inflammatory markers are associated with an increased risk of all-cause dementia
  9. Insulin-degrading enzyme protein level is lower in Alzheimer's disease patients
  10. Vitamin D level of 25 to 35 ng/mL decreases risk of dementia and Alzheimer's disease
  11. Aerobic exercise benefits global cognition in mild cognitive impairment patients
  12. A high consumption of yogurt and cheese reduces hip fracture
  13. Regular aerobic exercise delays cognitive decline among individuals having Alzheimer's disease

2017:

  1. High tea consumption reduces hip fracture risk among women
  2. Dietary intake of n-3 PUFAs declines hip fracture risk
  3. Every 500 kcal increase per week reduce Alzheimer’s disease with 13%
  4. Higher dietary intake of vitamin A decreases total fracture risk
  5. A high vitamin D level increases walking speed among older adults
  6. Fruit and vegetables reduce risk of cognitive disorders
  7. Atrial fibrillation, previous stroke, myocardial infarction, hypertension, diabetes and previous TIA increase risk of post-stroke dementia
  8. At least 28 g/d whole grain intake reduce risk of total, cardiovascular and cancer mortality
  9. 50 mg/day dietary vitamin C intake decreases hip fracture risk
  10. At least 4 servings/week fish is associated with decreasing memory decline
  11. Low vitamin D status is related to poorer cognition in healthy adults
  12. Serum zinc/iron levels are decreased in Alzheimer's disease patients
  13. Circulatory selenium concentration is lower in Alzheimer's disease patients
  14. Higher protein intake may increase bone mineral density
  15. Tea consumption increases bone mineral density
  16. Daily 50μg vitamin K dietary intake decreases the risk of fractures
  17. Manganese deficiency may be a risk factor for Alzheimer’s disease
  18. Olive oil intake reduces risk of type 2 diabetes
  19. Weekly 100 grams fish reduces dementia of Alzheimer type
  20. Long-term cheese consumption does not increase risk of all-cause mortality
  21. Daily 100g fruit and vegetable reduces risk of cognitive impairment and dementia among elderly
  22. Decreased walking pace increases risk of dementia in elderly populations

2015:

  1. Serum non-ceruloplasmin copper is higher in Alzheimer's disease
  2. At least 580 mg/day DHA or 1 g/day DHA/EPA improves memory function in older adults with mild memory complaints

2013:

  1. 300 μg/d dietary lutein and zeaxanthin intake reduce nuclear cataract

2012:

  1. 75-87.5 nmol/L vitamin D decrease mortality in the general population
  2. Daily 54 mg soy isoflavone for 6 weeks to 12 months reduces the frequency and severity of hot flashes
  3. Diabetes increases risk of dementia and mild cognitive impairment
  4. Dietary intakes of vitamin C and E lower risk of Alzheimer's disease

2011:

  1. Alzheimer's disease patients have higher levels of copper

2009:

  1. Isoflavone-rich soy products decrease FSH and LH in premenopausal women

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Most developed world countries have accepted the chronological age of 65 years as a definition of elderly. The common problems in elderly are:

  • High blood pressure
  • Cardiovascular disease
  • Cancer
  • Mobility and falls
  • Dementia
  • Osteoporosis
  • Decreased vision
  • Pneumonia
  • Deterioration of hearing
  • Loss of appetite and thirst
  • Muscle loss
  • Malnutrition

Nutrition has a marked effect on the aging process. For example, a good nutritional status can retard the aging process while a daily energy intake below 1700 kcal can cause a deficiency of vitamins and minerals. A deficiency of vitamins and minerals can in turn accelerate the aging process.

The aging process does not begin at 65 of age, but already at 30 or even at younger age.

One consequence of elderly is the loss of muscle strength. Per year an elderly will lose around 0.25 kg muscle. Muscle loss can be counteracted by strength training (60-85% of 1RM and 3-4 times per week). Muscle loss will result in a lower resting metabolic rate.

Dietary guidelines for elderly:

  • To maintain strong bones in elderly, is advisable to choose products with 15-25 En% protein or your daily diet (=the average of all meals/products that you eat on a daily basis) should look like this:
    15-25 En% protein, 30-35 En% fat, of which 7-10 En% saturated fat, maximum 0.3 gram salt per 100 kcal and 1.3- 1.5 grams of fiber per 100 kcal. The easiest way to meet this diet is to choose for meals/products with also 15-25 En% protein, 30-35 En% fat, of which 7-10 En% saturated fat, maximum 0.3 gram salt per 100 kcal and 1.3- 1.5 grams of fiber per 100 kcal.
    However,  the most important factors for bone maintenance in elderly are 60-90 minutes of physical exercise (preferably strength training) per day in combination with 15-30 micrograms vitamin D and 1 gram calcium or more per day.
  • Stop smoking because smoking causes atherosclerosis. Atherosclerosis is a major risk factor for developing cardiovascular diseases.
  • Aim for a healthy weight. A healthy weight has a BMI of 18.5-25. BMI is weight divided by height squared (weight (kg)/height2 (m)).
  • Spend at least 60-90 minutes per day on physical exercises or at least 10000 steps per day.
  • Eat at least 2 times a week (100-150 g fish per time) oily fishes or take daily 250-500 mg EPA and DHA. EPA and DHA are found in fish oil supplements. However, fish oil supplements cannot match the positive effects of eating fish.
  • Oily fishes are sardines, herring, salmon, anchovies, eel and mackerel.
  • Eat 300 grams of vegetables and five servings of fruit per day or 30 grams of fiber per day. 10-30 grams of fiber a day decreases the LDL cholesterol levels.
  • 30 grams of fiber per dag corresponds to a daily diet of minimum 1.5 grams of fiber per 100 kcal.
  • Limit alcohol to 2-3 glasses for men and 1-2 glasses for women per day.
  • Eat no more than 6 grams of salt per day, corresponding to 2400 mg of sodium.
  • 6 grams of salt per day corresponds to a daily diet of <0.3 g salt per 100 kcal.
  • Eat no more than 200 grams of cholesterol per day at an elevated LDL cholesterol level.
  • Eat no more than 19 grams of saturated fat per day at 2500 kcal and 15 grams of saturated fat at 2000 kcal. The WHO advises 2000 kcal per day for women and 2500 kcal for men.
  • Eat with other people because group eating can increase the appetite. Elderly people often have a poor appetite.
  • Put every day 1 bottle of 2 liters of water on the table. This ensures that you’ll get enough fluid because the sensation of thirst in the elderly can be significantly reduced.
  • Take daily 15-30 micrograms (600-1200 IU) of vitamin D. Take dietary supplements always in consultation with a dietitian, nutritionist or your GP!
  • Take daily a multi-vitamin supplement.
  • Take 500 micrograms of folic acid per day at a high homocysteine ​​level.
  • Take daily 1000 mg calcium. It can be through diet or dietary supplements.
  • Do not take antioxidant supplements. They do more harm than good!
  • It is preferable to obtain antioxidants through diet (200-300 grams of vegetables and 2-5 servings of fruit per day).

Chronic diseases

Scientific studies (review articles) on the relationship between diet/nutrients and chronic diseases:
One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of randomized, placebo-controlled double blind clinical trials (RCTs) will answer the following question:
"Do taking dietary supplements make sense?" Yes for a positive conclusion and no for a negative conclusion.

One swallow does not make a summer. A famous Dutch saying that could not be any more obvious. Just because one single scientific study about a certain topic makes certain claims, it does not necessarily mean it is true. On the other hand, a review article (a collection of scientific studies on a certain topic) of cohort studies or case-control studies will answer the following question:
"Should I change my diet?".

2023:

  1. High β-carotene dietary intake reduces Parkinson's disease among women
  2. 50g/d legume dietary intake may reduce mortality from all causes

2022:

  1. Selenium supplementation reduces postpartum depression
  2. Tomato intake causally reduces TNF-α levels in adults
  3. 400 mg/day vitamin C supplementation improves lung function of COPD patients
  4. Vitamin E supplements enhance quality of life of rheumatoid arthritis patients
  5. Meat intake may increase kidney stones
  6. High-dose dietary intake of vitamins A and B reduces glaucoma
  7. Higher intake of antioxidant-rich foods reduces Parkinson's disease

2021:

  1. 0.8-10 mg/d folic acid supplements decrease CRP levels
  2. Low vitamin D level increases asthma in children
  3. Low vitamin D level increases acne
  4. Selenium supplementation decreases hs-CRP level among patients with metabolic diseases
  5. NAC supplementation could improve lung function in patients with acute exacerbation of chronic obstructive pulmonary disease
  6. Vitamin B1 supplementation reduces ICU delirium in critically ill patients
  7. Soy supplementation improves insulin resistance for nonalcoholic fatty liver disease
  8. 540 mg/d green tea catechins supplementation reduces UV-induced damage due to erythema inflammation
  9. Cardiovascular reserve is improved after kidney-transplantation
  10. Vitamin B1 + vitamin C supplementation does not reduce mortality in patients with sepsis or septic shock
  11. Grape products containing polyphenols supplementation improves status of oxidative stress
  12. Vitamin B supplementation is effective in treating mouth ulcers
  13. L-carnitine supplementation should be supported in hemodialysis patients
  14. Carotenoid supplements decrease inflammation
  15. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces oxidative stress
  16. 400 mg/day vitamin B2 supplementation decrease migraine attacks
  17. A higher manganese level increases MS
  18. Peripheral neuropathy is associated with lowered plasma vitamin B12 levels
  19. Resistant starch type 2 improves residual renal function of patients under maintenance hemodialysis
  20. Intravenous NAC administration decreases serum creatinine levels
  21. Probiotic, prebiotic and synbiotic supplementation improve oxidative stress in patients with chronic kidney disease
  22. Ginger supplementation improves oxidative stress levels
  23. Serum albumin concentrations are lower in patients with stable COPD
  24. Melatonin supplements have positive effects on sleep quality in adults with metabolic disorders

2020:

  1. 0.5 to 6 g/d taurine supplementation reduces total cholesterol and triglyceride in patients with liver dysregulation
  2. Patients with diabetic kidney disease benefit from <0.8 g protein per kilogram body weight per day
  3. <100 mg/day isoflavones reduce IL-6 and TNF-α levels
  4. 0.5 servings of fish per week reduce multiple sclerosis
  5. A higher dietary intake of fruit, dietary fiber, fish and vitamine C reduce COPD in adults
  6. Higher selenium and lower zinc level increase risk of vitiligo
  7. Higher serum levels of homocysteine increase multiple sclerosis
  8. Physical exercise offers benefits to patients with chronic kidney disease
  9. 300 mg/day dietary anthocyanins reduce inflammation
  10. Pomegranate decreases inflammation in adults
  11. LDL cholesterol-lowering treatment reduce risk of major vascular events
  12. Hepatitis B virus infection increases chronic kidney disease
  13. Lead increases ALS
  14. Meat is not a risk factor for asthma in children

2019:

  1. Vitamin B12, D and E reduce eczema
  2. Higher levels of selenium in cerebrospinal fluid increase Parkinson's disease
  3. Omega-3 supplementation decreases CRP levels in patients on hemodialysis
  4. Low selenium and zinc levels increase rheumatoid arthritis
  5. 60-500 mg/day coenzyme Q10 supplements reduce inflammation
  6. Egg consumption does not increase inflammation
  7. Hypomagnesemia increases all-cause mortality in end-stage renal disease patients
  8. Vitamin D improves fasting glucose among patients with chronic kidney disease
  9. Dietary DHA, DPA and EPA are associated with higher lung function among current smokers
  10. Exercise intervention in kidney transplant recipients improves quality of life
  11. 200g vegetables per day reduce gallstone disease
  12. ≥12 weeks of L-carnitine supplements reduce inflammation
  13. Plasma creatinine seems to be a promising prognostic biomarker for ALS
  14. 10-40 g/day dietary fiber intake reduce diverticular disease risk
  15. Higher hemoglobin levels decrease transfusion risk in predialysis patients with CKD
  16. Magnesium deficiency increases risk of ADHD
  17. High prenatal vitamin D level reduces risk autism-related traits later in life
  18. 3 cups/d coffee consumption reduce risk of all-cause mortality
  19. Dietary n-3 PUFAs reduce ulcerative colitis
  20. 15 minutes/week sunlight exposure decreases risk of Parkinson's disease

2018:

  1. Dairy products, high purine vegetables, soy foods and coffee decrease gout
  2. Postherpetic neuralgia patients benefit from vitamin B12 supplementation
  3. 320 to 1500 mg/day magnesium supplementation decreases CRP levels
  4. 1 g/day salt reduction reduces blood pressure in end-stage renal disease
  5. Coffee consumption is associated with a higher circulating level of adiponectin in women
  6. Higher intakes of fruit and vegetables improve immune function
  7. Oral supplementation with chondroitin sulfate reduces pain in knee osteoarthritis
  8. Coffee consumption is associated with a lower level of serum CRP in humans
  9. Milk increases acne
  10. 1 time/week fish consumption from 6-9 months reduces asthma and wheeze in children up to 4.5 years old
  11. A high uric acid level plays a protective role in ALS
  12. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation reduces serum triglycerides levels of patients with metabolic disorders
  13. Zinc deficiency increases risk of autoimmune disorders

2017:

  1. Cranberry may be effective in preventing urinary tract infection recurrence in women
  2. High consumption of soft drinks increases ulcerative colitis
  3. Children and adolescents with ADHD have a deficiency in n-3 PUFAs levels
  4. Subjects with end-stage renal disease benefit from a diet with <5.5 En% protein
  5. Resveratrol supplementation ≥3 months has favorable effects on several risk factors of non-communicable diseases
  6. 500 mg/day quercetin reduce circulating C-reactive protein levels
  7. Asthma increases risk of cardiovascular disease and all-cause mortality in women
  8. Improving iron status decreases fatigue in patients with iron deficiency without anaemia
  9. High sucrose intake might increase the risk of Crohn’s disease
  10. Daily 1-2g L-carnitine supplementation reduce inflammation
  11. Decreased vitamin D levels and increased BMI increase pediatric-onset MS
  12. Lower serum zinc levels increase Parkinson's disease
  13. Decreased folate level is a risk factor for schizophrenia
  14. Coenzyme Q10 supplementation may decrease inflammation
  15. Marine oil supplements alleviate pain in rheumatoid arthritis patients
  16. Serum vitamin D ≥75 nmol/L reduces risk of allergic rhinitis in men

2016:

  1. Daily 3 cups of tea decrease risk of depression

2015:

  1. 500-1000 mg/day oral ginger intake reduce pain in osteoarthritis patients
  2. Ultrasound can detect active Crohn’s disease in adults

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Chronic diseases, also known as noncommunicable diseases (NCDs) are diseases caused by inflammation in the human body. Inflammation is caused by the actions of free radicals or eicosanoids, which are produced from the fatty acid arachidonic acid. While the eicosanoids produced from arachidonic acid are pro-inflammatory, are the eicosanoids produced from EPA anti-inflammatory.
Arachidonic acid is found in meat, eggs, dairy products, and fish. The WHO and the EFSA have not set nutritional recommendation for dietary arachidonic acid yet.

Chronic diseases generally cannot be prevented by vaccines or cured by medication nor do they just disappear. Chronic diseases tend to become more common with age.

Free radicals are caused by the inhalation of cigarette smoke, diseases, physical exercises, smog, fine particles, high-fat products and exhaust gases. Free radicals can be neutralized by antioxidants. But scientific studies showed that taking antioxidant supplements will cause more harm than good. Therefore, nutritionists recommend to get antioxidants from diet rather than from dietary supplements. Antioxidants are found in vegetables, fruits and nuts.

Scientific studies showed that an n3:n6 ratio of 1 to 5 or less possible prevents chronic diseases. However, the WHO and the EFSA have not set specific values for the n3:n6 ratio yet.

Chronic diseases are:

  • Autoimmune diseases (AID)
  • Diabetes
  • Brain disorders (epilepsy, Parkinson's disease)
  • Cancer
  • Joint disorders (rheumatism, gout and arthritis)
  • Heart diseases
  • Kidney diseases
  • Lung diseases (asthma and COPD)
  • Mental disorders

Dietary guidelines for chronic disease prevention:

  • Choose products with maximum 30-35 En% fat, products with maximum 7-10 En% saturated fat, products with maximum 0.3 gram of salt per 100 kcal, products with minimum 1.5 grams of fiber per 100 kcal, products with a GI-number of 55 or lower and fishes providing at least 2000 mg EPA and DHA per day or in other words, your daily diet (=all meals/products that you eat on a daily basis) should on average contain maximum 30-35 En% fat, maximum 7-10 En% saturated fat, maximum 0.3 gram of salt per 100 kcal and minimum 1.5 grams of fiber per 100 kcal.
  • Stop smoking because cigarette smoke contains/causes free radicals.
  • Aim for a healthy weight. A healthy weight has a BMI of 18.5-25. BMI is weight divided by height squared (weight (kg)/height2 (m)).
    Overweight is a risk factor for certain chronic diseases.
  • Spend at least 60-90 minutes of physical activities per day or at least 10000 steps per day.
  • Eat at least 3 times (100-150 g fish per time) a week oily fish. Oily fishes are sardines, herring, salmon, anchovies, eel and mackerel.
  • Eat 300 grams of vegetables and five servings of fruit a day or 30-40 grams of fiber per day.
    40 grams of fiber per dag corresponds to a daily diet of minimum 2 grams of fiber per 100 kcal.
  • Take when needed glucosamine supplements. Take supplements always after consultation with an expert!
  • Do not take antioxidant supplements because they do more harm than good!

High β-carotene dietary intake reduces Parkinson's disease among women

Objectives:
Does high-dose dietary intake of vitamin E, β-carotene or vitamin C reduce risk of Parkinson's disease?

Study design:
This review article included 13 observational studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found no significant association between high-dose vitamin C dietary intake and the risk of Parkinson's disease compared with low-dose vitamin C dietary intake [RR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.89 to 1.08].

The investigators found compared with low-dose dietary intake, high-dose dietary intake of vitamin E significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 13% [RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.77 to 0.99].

The investigators found compared with low-dose dietary intake, high-dose dietary intake of β-carotene significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease among women with 22% [RR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.64 to 0.96].

The investigators concluded both high-dose dietary intake of vitamin E and β-carotene (beta-carotene) reduce risk of Parkinson's disease.

Original title:
Vitamin C, vitamin E, β-carotene and risk of Parkinson's disease: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of observational studies by Niu F, Xie W, […], Yu X.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36961747/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about RCTs/significant, vitamin C, E, beta-carotene and Parkinson’s disease.
 

High selenium dietary intake reduces hip fracture

Objectives:
Previous studies have suggested that selenium as a trace element is involved in bone health, but findings related to the specific effect of selenium on bone health remain inconclusive. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do both high dietary selenium intake and high serum selenium levels increase bone density?

Study design:
This review article included 8 cross-sectional studies, 7 case-control studies and 3 prospective cohort studies and 1 RCT with a total of 69,672 subjects.

The number of participants ranged from 60 to 21,939, while the mean age varied from 39.4 to 75.8 years, with mean selenium intake ranging from 41.2 to 154.4 μg/d or mean serum selenium level ranging from 66.7 to 131.1 μg/L.
All the observational studies had a NOS score ≥ 4, namely moderate- to high-quality scores.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a significantly positive association between dietary selenium intake [β = 0.04, 95% CI = 0.00 to 0.07, p = 0.029, I2 = 95.91%] as well as serum selenium [β = 0.13, 95% CI = 0.00 to 0.26, p = 0.046, I2 = 86.60%] and bone mineral density.

The investigators found high dietary selenium intake significantly reduced risk of hip fracture with 56% [OR = 0.44, 95% CI = 0.37 to 0.52, p 0.001, I2 = 65.2%].

The investigators found osteoporosis patients had lower serum selenium level than healthy controls [WMD = -2.01, 95% CI = -3.91 to -0.12, p = 0.037, I2 = 0%].

The investigators concluded persons with higher dietary selenium intake and higher serum selenium have higher bone mineral density. Furthermore, high selenium dietary intake reduces hip fracture.

Original title:
The association between selenium and bone health: a meta-analysis by Xie H, Wang N, […], Wang Y.

Link:
https://boneandjoint.org.uk/article/10.1302/2046-3758.127.BJR-2022-0420.R1

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on selenium and preventing fractures right here.

Circulating concentration of selenium in blood (serum selenium level) can be increased by eating foods that are high in selenium and/or taking selenium supplements.

50g/d legume dietary intake may reduce mortality from all causes

Objectives:
There is an equivocal and inconsistent association between legume consumption and health outcomes and longevity. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does a higher legume dietary intake reduce mortality and stroke risk?

Study design:
This review article included 32 cohort studies (31 publications) involving 1,141,793 participants and 93,373 deaths from all causes (all-cause mortality).

The certainty of evidence was judged from low to moderate.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found higher dietary intakes of legumes, compared with lower dietary intakes, were significantly associated with a reduced risk of 6% for mortality from all causes [HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.91 to 0.98, n = 27].

The investigators found higher dietary intakes of legumes, compared with lower dietary intakes, were significantly associated with a reduced risk of 9% for stroke [HR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.99, n = 5].

The investigators found no significant association for cardiovascular diseases mortality [HR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.91 to 1.09, n =11], coronary heart disease mortality [HR = 0.93, 95% CI = 0.78 to 1.09, n = 5] or cancer mortality [HR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.72 to 1.01, n = 5].

The investigators found in the linear dose-response analysis, a 50 g/d increase in legume dietary intake was significantly associated with a 6% reduction in the risk of all-cause mortality [HR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89 to 0.99, n = 19], but no significant association was observed for the remaining outcomes.

The investigators concluded a higher legume dietary intake may reduce mortality from all causes and stroke risk. May reduce because the certainty of evidence is low to moderate.

Original title:
Legume Consumption and Risk of All-Cause and Cause-Specific Mortality: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis of Prospective Studies by Zargarzadeh N, Mousavi SM, […], Esmaillzadeh A.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36811595/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about RCTs/significant, vegetable intake and stroke prevention.
 

Lower serum magnesium concentrations increase fractures

Objectives:
Magnesium, an essential cation for numerous cellular processes, is a major component of bone. However, its relationship with the risk of fractures is still uncertain. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do lower serum magnesium concentrations increase risk of incident fractures?

Study design:
This review article included 3 prospective cohort studies and 1 retrospective cohort study with a total of 119,755 participants and a mean follow-up duration of 79 months.
The mean age was 62 years, with a mean percentage of 33% women.
The analyses were adjusted for a mean of 15 potential confounders.
All 4 studies included in the meta-analysis were of high quality (Newcastle-Ottawa Scale of 9 for all).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found lower serum magnesium concentrations were associated with a significantly higher risk of 58% for incident fractures [RR = 1.579, 95% CI = 1.216 to 2.051, p = 0.001, I2 = 46.9%].
The results were not affected by any heterogeneity [I2 = 31.2%, p = 0.201] nor publication bias [Egger’s test = 0.94 ± 0.43, p = 0.10]. After trimming, the recalculated effect size was only slightly reduced [RR = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.43].
Significant because RR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 1.09 to 1.43. RR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators concluded lower serum magnesium concentrations increase risk of incident fractures.

Original title:
Association between Serum Magnesium and Fractures: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies by Dominguez LJ, Rodas-Regalado S, […], Barbagallo M.

Link:
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/15/6/1304

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on magnesium and preventing fractures right here.

Circulating concentration of magnesium in blood can be increased by eating foods that are high in magnesium and/or taking magnesium supplements.

Lower blood carotenoid level is a risk factor for dementia

Objectives:
Given their potent antioxidation properties, carotenoids play a role in delaying and preventing dementia and mild cognitive impairment (MCI). However, observational studies have found inconsistent results regarding the associations between blood carotenoid levels and the risk of dementia and MCI. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is a lower blood carotenoid level (like lycopene, zeaxanthin, lutein) a risk factor for dementia or mild cognitive impairment?

Study design:
This review article included 23 studies with 1,422 patients with dementia, 435 patients with mild cognitive impairment and 4,753 controls (persons without dementia or mild cognitive impairment).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found meta-analysis showed that patients with dementia had lower blood lycopene [SMD = -0.521, 95% CI = -0.74 to -0.301], α-carotene [SMD = -0.489, 95% CI = -0.697 to -0.281] β-carotene [SMD = -0.476, 95% CI = -0.784 to -0.168], lutein [SMD = -0.516, 95% CI = -0.753 to -0.279], zeaxanthin [SMD = -0.571, 95% CI = -0.910 to -0.232] and β-cryptoxanthin [SMD = -0.617, 95% CI = -0.953 to -0.281] than the controls.

The investigators found owing to insufficient data, no similar and stable relationship between blood carotenoid levels and mild cognitive impairment was observed.

The investigators concluded lower blood carotenoid level is a risk factor for dementia.

Original title:
Low blood carotenoid status in dementia and mild cognitive impairment: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Wang L, Zhao T, […], Jiang Q.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36997905/

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Circulating concentration of lycopene in blood can be increased by eating foods that are high in lycopene and/or taking lycopene supplements.

 

High antioxidant dietary intake reduces Alzheimer's disease

Objectives:
Does a high antioxidant dietary intake reduce risk of Alzheimer's disease and dementia?

Study design:
This review article included 17 cohort studies with 98,264 participants, of which 7,425 had dementia after 3-23 years of follow-up.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a high antioxidant dietary intake significantly reduced the incidence of Alzheimer's disease with 15% [RR = 0.85, 95% CI= 0.79 to 0.92, I2 = 45.5%].
However, this reduced risk was not significant for dementia [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.77 to 1.19, I2 = 54.6%].
Significant because RR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 0.79 to 0.92. RR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators concluded that a high antioxidant dietary intake reduces Alzheimer's disease.

Original title:
Association of Dietary and Supplement Intake of Antioxidants with Risk of Dementia: A Meta-Analysis of Cohort Studies by Zhao R, Han X, […], You H.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36846999/

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Fish consumption reduces Alzheimer's disease

Objectives:
Current findings about the differential effects of various sources of dietary animal protein on the risk of neurodegenerative diseases are contradictory. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there an association between various sources of dietary animal protein and the risk of Parkinson's disease, Alzheimer's disease, dementia and cognitive impairment?

Study design:
This review article included 33 prospective cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found dietary fish consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 25% for Alzheimer's disease [RR = 0.75, 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.97].

The investigators found dietary fish consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 16% for dementia [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.93].

The investigators found dietary fish consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 15% for cognitive impairment [RR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.95].

The investigators found compared to the lowest consumption, the highest total dairy products consumption was significantly associated with an increased risk of 49% for Parkinson's disease [RR = 1.49, 95% CI = 1.06 to 2.10].

The investigators found compared to the lowest consumption, the highest milk consumption was significantly associated with an increased risk of 40% for Parkinson's disease [RR = 1.40, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.73].

The investigators found total dairy products consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 11% for cognitive impairment [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80 to 0.99].

The investigators found total meat consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 28% for cognitive impairment [RR = 0.72, 95% CI = 0.57 to 0.90].

The investigators found poultry consumption was significantly associated with a reduced risk of 18% for cognitive impairment [RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.68 to 0.99].

The investigators found linear dose-response meta-analysis revealed that each 200g/d increase in total dairy dietary intake was significantly associated with an 11% higher risk of Parkinson's disease and a 12% lower risk of cognitive impairment.

The investigators found a strong linear association between fish consumption and reduced risk of dementia.

The investigators concluded dairy consumption, particularly milk is associated with an increased risk of Parkinson's disease, while a higher intake of fish reduces Alzheimer's disease, dementia and cognitive impairment. Future well-controlled, randomized clinical trials are essential to validate the present findings.

Original title:
Association between animal protein sources and risk of neurodegenerative diseases: a systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis by Talebi S, Asoudeh F, […], Mohammadi H.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36647769/

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Selenium supplementation reduces postpartum depression

Objectives:
The results of human studies are inconsistent regarding selenium and depressive disorders. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does high selenium intake (through diet or supplements) reduce risk of depression?

Study design:
This review article included 20 studies (4 RCTs, 9 cross-sectional studies, 4 case-control studies and 3 prospective cohort studies) with a total of 47,164 participants.
The age of participants ranged from 18.0 ± 1.2 to 82 years old.
12 studies included both men and women.
Confounding variables were adjusted in half of included studies.
All included randomized controlled trials (RCTs) had high quality.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found no significant differences in serum selenium levels between patients with depression and healthy subjects [WMD = 2.12 mg/L, 95% CI = -0.11 to 4.36, I2 = 98.0%, p 0.001].

The investigators found no significant differences between serum levels of selenium and depression scores [r = -0.12, 95% CI = -0.33 to 0.08, I2 = 73.5%, p = 0.010].

The investigators found high selenium supplementation significantly reduced the risk of postpartum depression with 3% [OR = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.95 to 0.99, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.507].

The investigators found selenium supplementation significantly reduced depressive symptoms [WMD = -0.37, 95% CI = -0.56 to -0.18, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.959].

The investigators concluded that high selenium supplementation has a protective role against postpartum depression. In addition, supplementation with selenium reduces depressive symptoms. Nevertheless, further studies are needed to draw definitive conclusions.

Original title:
The role of selenium in depression: a systematic review and meta-analysis of human observational and interventional studies by Sajjadi SS, Foshati S, […], Rouhani H.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8776795/

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Tomato intake causally reduces TNF-α levels in adults

Objectives:
Inflammation is a major cause of chronic diseases. Several studies have investigated the effects of tomato intake on inflammatory biomarkers; however, the results are equivocal. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does tomato intake have positive impact on inflammatory biomarkers in adults?

Study design:
This review article included 7 RCTs (8 treatment arms) with a total of 465 subjects.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that pooled effect size of articles indicated that tomato intake was not significantly effective on CRP [WMD = 0.13 mg/dL, 95% CI = -0.09 to 0.36, p = 0.23, I2 = 83.9%] and IL-6 [Hedges' g = -0.12, 95% CI = -0.36 to 0.13, p = 0.34, I2 = 0.0%] levels compared to the control group.

The investigators found that pooled effect size of articles indicated that tomato intake significantly reduced TNF-α [Hedges' g = -0.45, 95% CI = -0.76 to -0.13, p = 0.005, I2 = 0.0%] levels in adults.

The investigators concluded that tomato intake causally reduces TNF-α levels in adults. However, additional well-designed studies that include more diverse populations and longer duration are warranted.

Original title:
Effect of tomato consumption on inflammatory markers in health and disease status: A systematic review and meta-analysis of clinical trials by Widjaja G, Doewes RI, […], Aravindhan S.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35871957/

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Tumor necrosis factor alpha (TNF-α) is an inflammatory cytokine that is elevated in heart failure.

High dietary intake of vitamin E reduces dementia

Objectives:
Dementia is a chronic progressive neurodegenerative disease that can lead to disability and death in humans, but there is still no effective prevention and treatment. Due to the neuroprotective effects of vitamin E, a large number of researchers have explored whether vitamin E can reduce the risk of dementia. Some researchers believe that vitamin E can reduce the risk of dementia, while others hold the opposite conclusion. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do high intakes of diet or vitamin E supplements reduce the risk of dementia?

Study design:
This review article included 13 cohort studies (46,968 participants and 6,046 dementia patients after 4-23 years of follow-up) and 2 case-control studies with (3,157 controls and 3,459 patients).
The studies included in this meta-analysis (review article) were published between 1983 and 2022.
The literary NOS quality score ranged from 6 to 8.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a high intake of diet or vitamin E supplements significantly decreased the risk of dementia by 21% [OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.70 to 0.88, I2 = 35.0%, p = 0.071].
This decreased risk was also significant in cohort studies [OR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.69 to 0.89], dietary intake of vitamin E [OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.65 to 0.95], vitamin E supplement [OR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.73 to 0.94] and studies with NOS scores >7 [OR = 0.85, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.97].

The investigators found a high intake of diet or vitamin E supplements significantly decreased the risk of Alzheimer's disease by 22% [OR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.64 to 0.94, I2 = 36.9%, p = 0.123].
This decreased risk was also significant in cohort studies [OR = 0.77, 95% CI = 0.63 to 0.94].

The investigators found in sensitivity analysis the pooled ORs fluctuated within a certain range after deleting each study, indicating that the results of this meta-analysis were stable.

The investigators concluded high intakes of diet or vitamin E supplements reduce the risk of dementia. Therefore, the elderly can reduce the risk of dementia by appropriately increasing foods rich in vitamin E, but also pay attention to the toxic side effects of vitamin E. Although the results are reliable, they should be further validated by large RCTs.

Original title:
Association of vitamin E intake in diet and supplements with risk of dementia: A meta-analysis by Zhao R, Han X, [...], You H.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9376618/

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Skim milk, poultry and non-meat animal products reduce age-related eye disease

Objectives:
Do plant-based diets improve age-related ocular outcomes among adults?

Study design:
This review article included 15 studies (n = 51,695 participants) assessed the impact of fish consumption, 8 studies (n = 28,753 participants) analyzed the effect of red meat intake and 3 studies (n = 7,723 participants) assessed the impact of omission of skim milk, poultry and non-meat animal products and the presence of disease incidence as indicated by age-related macular degeneration or cataract development.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in 15 studies (n = 51,695 participants) that regular consumption of fish significantly reduced the risk of age-related eye disease development among adults with 30% [odds ratio = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.62 to 0.79].
Significant means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found in 3 studies (n = 7,723 participants) that regular consumption of skim milk, poultry and non-meat animal products significantly reduced the risk of age-related eye disease development among adults with 30% [odds ratio = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.79].
Significant because odds ratio of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 1.07 to 1.72. Odds ratio of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found in 8 studies (n = 28,753 participants) that regular consumption of red meat significantly increased the risk of age-related eye disease development among adults with 41% [odds ratio = 1.41, 95% CI = 1.07 to 1.86].

The investigators concluded that regular consumption of both fish and skim milk, poultry and non-meat animal products reduce the risk of age-related eye disease development among adults, while regular consumption of red meat increases the risk of age-related eye disease development among adults. Results suggest a need for more initiatives promoting a healthy and balanced diet.

Original title:
Linkage between a plant-based diet and age-related eye diseases: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Cirone C, Cirone KD and Malvankar-Mehta MS.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/36102832/

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In practice, regular fish consumption corresponds to at least twice (100-150g per time) a week.
 

400 mg/day vitamin C supplementation improves lung function of COPD patients

Objectives:
Do COPD patients benefit from vitamin C supplementation?

Study design:
This review article included 10 RCTs with a total of 487 patients.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that vitamin C supplementation (≥400 mg/day) significantly improved the forced expiratory volume in one second as a percentage (FEV1%) of COPD patients [SMD = 1.08, 95% CI = 0.03 to 2.12, p = 0.04].

The investigators found, moreover, vitamin C supplementation (≥400 mg/day) significantly improved the ratio of forced expiratory volume in 1 second and forced vital capacity (FEV1/FVC) [WMD = 0.66, 95% CI = 0.26 to 1.06, p = 0.001], vitamin C level in serum [SMD = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.02 to 1.24, p = 0.04] and glutathione (GSH) level in serum [SMD = 2.47, 95% CI = 1.06 to 3.89, p = 0.0006] of COPD patients.

The investigators found no statistically significant difference was observed in body mass index (BMI), fat-free mass index (FFMI), vitamin E level and superoxide dismutase (SOD) level in serum.

The investigators concluded vitamin C supplementation increases the levels of antioxidation in serum (vitamin C and GSH) and improves lung function (FEV1% and FEV1/FVC) of COPD patients, especially when treated with vitamin C supplementation greater than 400 mg/day. However, further prospective studies are needed to explore the role of vitamin C in improving nutritional status.

Original title:
Efficacy of Vitamin C Supplementation on Chronic Obstructive Pulmonary Disease (COPD): A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Lei T, Lu T, […], Liu J.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9473551/

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800-1,000 IU/d vitamin D3 reduces fracture and fall risk among elderly

Objectives:
Although recent studies comparing various dosages and intervals of vitamin D supplementation have been published, it is yet to be elucidated whether there is an appropriate dose or interval to provide benefit regarding fracture risk. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

What are the putative beneficial effects of vitamin D supplements on fractures and falls according to various dosages and intervals?

Study design:
This review article included 32 RCTs with a total of 104,363 patients, with a median of 3,162 patients per study (range 46 to 36,282).
The median daily dose of cholecalciferol (D3) was 800 IU/day and 8 studies reported 800 IU/day, 15 studies reported 800 to 1,000 IU/day and 9 studies reported >1,000 IU/day.
The median follow-up duration was 24 months (range 9 to 120) and the median age was 72 years (range 53 to 85).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found vitamin D3 supplementation with daily dose of 800 to 1,000 IU was significantly associated with a lower risk of 13% for osteoporotic fracture [pooled relative risk = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.78 to 0.97, I2 = 23.5%] while studies with 800 or >1,000 IU/day did not.

The investigators found vitamin D3 supplementation with daily dose of 800 to 1,000 IU was significantly associated with a lower risk of 9% for fall [pooled relative risk = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.85 to 0.98, I2 = 70.9%] while studies with 800 or >1,000 IU/day did not.

The investigators found daily administration of vitamin D3 was associated with the reduced risk of falls, while intermittent dose was not.
Also, patients with vitamin D deficiency showed a significant risk reduction of falls after vitamin D3 supplementation.

The investigators concluded that daily vitamin D3 dose of 800 to 1,000 IU (20-25 mcg) during 24 months is the most probable way to reduce the fracture and fall risk among elderly. Further studies designed with various regimens and targeted vitamin D levels are required to elucidate the benefits of vitamin D supplements.

Original title:
Effect of Vitamin D Supplementation on Risk of Fractures and Falls According to Dosage and Interval: A Meta-Analysis by Kong SH, Jang HN, […], Shin CS.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9081312/

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Vitamin E supplements enhance quality of life of rheumatoid arthritis patients

Objectives:
Do rheumatoid arthritis patients benefit from vitamin E supplements?

Study design:
This review article included 9 RCTs with a total of 39,845 patients.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that vitamin E supplements were shown to be more effective in individuals with rheumatoid arthritis for sensitive joints [MD = -1.66, 95% CI = -6.32 to -2.99, I2 = 93%, p 0.00001] and swollen joints [MD = -0.46, 95% CI = -1.98 to 1.07, I2 = 56%, p = 0.08].

The investigators concluded vitamin E's ability to restore the intestinal barrier and improve the gastrointestinal tract may be linked to the prevention and treatment of rheumatoid arthritis. Vitamin E supplements used on a regular basis can help individuals with rheumatoid arthritis reduce joint discomfort, edema and stiffness, as well as enhance their overall quality of life.

Original title:
Effect of vitamin E supplementation in rheumatoid arthritis: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Kou H, Qing Z, […], Ma J.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35468933/

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400 IU/day to 300,000 IU vitamin D supplementation improves handgrip strength in postmenopausal women

Objectives:
In postmenopausal women, vitamin D deficiency (as defined by the circulating level of 25(OH)D being below 20 ng/mL (50 nmol/L)) is a regular occurrence. The effect of vitamin D supplementation on the muscle function of postmenopausal women has been controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does vitamin D supplementation enhance the muscular strength and mobility of postmenopausal women?

Study design:
This review article included 19 RCTs between 2003 and 2021, with 5,398 participants.
The sample size of the RCTs included in multiple countries ranges from 20 to 2,347. Furthermore, the duration of vitamin D supplementation ranged from 3 to 60 months.
Vitamin D3 was applied in 12 of the 19 retrieved trials, whose dosages ranged from 400 IU/day to 300,000 IU (10 tot 7500 mcg vitamin D3) in a single oral dose.
Visual inspection of the funnel plot and Egger’s linear regression test revealed no indication of publication bias in the meta-analysis of vitamin D supplementation on handgrip strength.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found meta-analysis of 9 RCTs (1,997 participants supplemented with vitamin D and 2,232 participants as the control group (vitamin D in low dosage or placebo)), showed that vitamin D supplementation significantly improved handgrip strength in postmenopausal women [WMD = 0.876 kg, 95% CI = 0.180 to 1.571, p = 0.014, I2 = 68.5%, p = 0.001].
Moreover, according to subgroup analysis, vitamin D supplementation substantially raised handgrip strength when compared to baseline blood vitamin D levels >75 nmol/L (30 ng/ml) [WMD = 0.478 kg, 95% CI = 0.963 to 1.918, p = 0.003], without calcium [WMD = 1.931 kg, 95% CI = 0.166 to 3.697, p = 0.032] and subject to an age of more than 60 [WMD = 1.116 kg, 95% CI = 0.433 to 1.799, p = 0.001].

The investigators concluded that 400 IU/day to 300,000 IU vitamin D supplementation during 3 to 60 months improves handgrip strength in postmenopausal women over 60 years of age who are without calcium supplementation or whose baseline vitamin D is >75 nmol/L (30 ng/mL). These findings show that future trials should focus on determining the ideal dosage and duration and taking into account the several factors that may impair muscle performance, such as exercise, calcium consumption, frailty, a history of falls or fractures and baseline vitamin D status and the relationship between muscle function and/or strength with muscle composition.

Original title:
Vitamin D Supplementation Improves Handgrip Strength in Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Zhang JL, Poon CCW, […], Zhang Y.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC9199366/

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Higher concentration of carotenoids and vitamin E in blood reduce age-related macular degeneration

Objectives:
Data from studies support a beneficial effect of carotenoids and vitamins on an age-related macular degeneration (AMD) risk. However, studies on the relations between blood levels of these nutrients and AMD are limited and provided conflicting results. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does a higher concentration of carotenoids (lutein/zeaxanthin, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene) and vitamins in blood reduce age-related macular degeneration risk?

Study design:
This review article included 9 studies (1 cohort, 4 case-control and 4 cross-sectional studies) involving 15,674 participants and 2,077 AMD cases (persons with age-related macular degeneration).  
There was no evidence of publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in the meta-analysis that high blood lutein/zeaxanthin level significantly reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration with 47% [OR = 0.53, 95% CI = 0.40 to 0.72, p 0.001, I2 = 43.3%, p = 0.079], compared to those with low level.
Results stratified by factors yielded similar results to the main analysis.

The investigators found in the meta-analysis that high blood β-carotene level significantly reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration with 52% [OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.28 to 0.84, p = 0.01, I2 = 71.7%, p = 0.003], compared to those with low level.
A subgroup analysis by geographic region showed that the significant inverse association between blood β-carotene levels and risk of age-related macular degeneration was only found among the Asians.

The investigators found in the meta-analysis that high blood β-cryptoxanthin level significantly reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration with 52% [OR = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.23 to 1.00, p = 0.04, I2 = 83.5%, p 0.001], compared to those with low level.
In stratified analyses, no significant difference was observed for any subgroups.

The investigators found in the meta-analysis that high blood lycopene level significantly reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration with 30% [OR = 0.70, 95% CI = 0.54 to 0.90, p = 0.006, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.67], compared to those with low level.

The investigators found in the meta-analysis that high blood α-tocopherol (vitamin E) level significantly reduced risk of age-related macular degeneration with 50% [OR = 0.50, 95% CI = 0.31 to 0.81, p = 0.005, I2 = 34.4%, p = 0.19], compared to those with low level.

The investigators found sensitivity analyses, that excluded one study at a time, did not change the statistical significance or the direction of the present findings, corroborating the robustness of the results.

The investigators concluded that there is a protective effect of higher concentration of carotenoids (lutein/zeaxanthin, β-carotene, β-cryptoxanthin, lycopene) and vitamin E in blood against age-related macular degeneration risk, which provides further evidence of the associations between carotenoid and vitamin status and the risk of age-related eye problems. Further randomized clinical trials are necessary for Asians to confirm such associations and to provide the most reliable direct information to base public health recommendations for age-related eye disease prevention by nutritional supplementation with carotenoids and vitamins.

Original title:
The Associations of Plasma Carotenoids and Vitamins With Risk of Age-Related Macular Degeneration: Results From a Matched Case-Control Study in China and Meta-Analysis by Jiang H, Fan  Y, […], Ma L.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8873933/

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High blood levels of beta-carotene can be obtained by consuming beta-carotene-rich foods and/or taking beta-carotene supplements.
 

Meat intake may increase kidney stones

Objectives:
What is the association of total protein, animal protein and animal protein sources with risk of kidney stones in the general population?

Study design:
This review article included 14 prospective cohort studies.
According to NutriGrade scoring system, the credibility of evidence for most of the exposures was rated as low.
Some kind of publication bias was found in the association of animal protein intake and risk of kidney stones, according to Egger's and Begg's tests.
Sensitivity analysis of processed meat as well as dairy consumption with risk of kidney stones showed one study changed the overall estimate.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that higher dietary intake of non-dairy animal protein significantly increased risk of kidney stones with 11% [RR = 1.11, 95% CI = 1.03 to 1.20, I2 = 0%, n = 4].
Significant means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found that higher dietary intake of total meat and meat products significantly increased risk of kidney stones with 22% [RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.09 to 1.38, I2 = 13%, n = 3].
Significant because RR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 1.09 to 1.38. RR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found that higher dietary intake of processed meat significantly increased risk of kidney stones with 22% [RR = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.10 to 1.51, I2 = 0%, n = 2]. 

The investigators found that higher intake of dairy protein significantly decreased risk of kidney stones with 9% [RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.99, I2 = 0%, n = 4].

The investigators found, moreover, each 100 gram increment of red meat dietary intake was significantly associated with an increased risk of 39% for kidney stones [RR = 1.39, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.71].

The investigators concluded that higher dietary intake of meat and meat products may increase the risk of kidney stones in the general population, while higher dietary intake of dairy proteins may decrease the risk of kidney stones in the general population. May because the credibility of evidence for most of the exposures was rated as low and there was publication bias. Therefore, further observational studies are needed to confirm present results.

Original title:
Associations of Total Protein or Animal Protein Intake and Animal Protein Sources with Risk of Kidney Stones: A Systematic Review and Dose-Response Meta-Analysis by Asoudeh F, Talebi S, […], Mohammadi H.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35179185/

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When the credibility of evidence of the studies in the review article is low and there is publication bias, the results will not be very reliable.
 

Protein supplementation + exercise increase lower-extremity strength in healthy older Asian adults with sarcopenia

Objectives:
While there is growing research interest in the effects of nutrition and exercise on delaying sarcopenia, the results are inconclusive and there is scarce information on regional patterns. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do protein supplements combined with exercise improve extremity strength in healthy older adults with sarcopenia?

Study design:
This review article included 14 RCTs, involving a total of 888 healthy older adults (>60 years).

4 studies in Asian countries provided data on lower-extremity strength, involving 280 participants (138 in protein supplements + exercise group and 142 in exercise group).
Lower-extremity strength was assessed using knee extension (n = 3) or leg extension (n = 1).
The intervention period of all studies was 12 weeks.
The dosage of protein ranged from 3 g/d to 40 g/d.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in 4 studies in Asian countries a significant increase in the lower-extremity strength in the protein supplementation + exercise group compared to the exercise group, with a SMD of 0.24 [95% CI = 0.00 to 0.47, p = 0.048, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.513].

The investigators concluded that protein supplements (3 g/d to 40 g/d during 12 weeks) combined with exercise (knee extension and leg extension) exerts superior benefit on lower-extremity strength in healthy older adults with sarcopenia in Asian countries, when compared to exercise alone or with a placebo. However, no additional benefits from protein supplementation are observed on upper-extremity strength, muscle mass and physical performance regardless of the regions. More well-designed RCTs with information on baseline and total protein intake for longer follow-up periods are warranted to evaluate the effectiveness of protein supplementation and exercise on the prevention and management of sarcopenia in healthy older adults.

Original title:
Effects of protein supplementation and exercise on delaying sarcopenia in healthy older individuals in Asian and non-Asian countries: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Li L, He Y, […], Liu X.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8808080/

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Upper extremity is part of the body that includes the arm, wrist and hand.

Lower extremity refers to the part of the body from the hip to the toes.

Sarcopenia is a type of muscle loss (muscle atrophy) that occurs with aging and/or immobility. Sarcopenia can affect people in their 30s and beyond.
 

High-dose dietary intake of vitamins A and B reduces glaucoma

Objectives:
There is currently a lack of high-quality research on the best dietary recommendations for patients with early glaucoma or at high risk for glaucoma. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does a high dietary vitamin intake reduce risk of glaucoma?

Study design:
This review article included 8 cohort studies, with a total of 262,189 patients.

There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that high-dose dietary intake of vitamins A was significantly associated with a 27% low risk of glaucoma [OR = 0.63, 95% CI = 0.53 to 0.76 , p 001, I2 = 49%].

The investigators found that high-dose dietary intake of vitamins B (a combination of B1, B2, B3, B6 and B12) was significantly associated with a 29% low risk of glaucoma [OR = 0.71, 95% CI = 0.64 to 0.80, p 0.001, I2 = 29%].

The investigators found no association between high-dose dietary intake of vitamins C, D or E and lower risk of glaucoma.

The investigators concluded that high-dose dietary intake of vitamins A and B, but not vitamins C, D or E, is associated with a low prevalence of glaucoma. Overall, middle-aged and elderly people or patients with early glaucoma should consume vitamin-rich foods rich or take additional vitamin supplements.

Original title:
Vitamin intake and glaucoma risk: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Han FF and Fu XX.             

Link:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0181551222000419?via%3Dihub

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Higher intake of antioxidant-rich foods reduces Parkinson's disease

Objectives:
Does a higher intake of dietary antioxidants (like vitamin C and E, β-carotene, zinc, anthocyanins, lutein) reduce risk of Parkinson's disease (PD)?

Study design:
This review article included 6 prospective cohort studies and 2 nested case-control studies (448,737 participants with 4,654 persons with Parkinson's disease) and 6 case-control studies (1,948 persons without Parkinson's disease and 1, 273 persons with Parkinson's disease).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found comparded to the lowest dietary vitamine E intake, that the highest dietary vitamine E intake significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 16% [pooled RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.71 to 0.99, n = 7 cohort studies].
Significantly means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found compared to the lowest dietary anthocyanins intake, that the highest dietary anthocyanins intake significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 24% [pooled RR = 0.76, 95% CI = 0.61 to 0.96, n = 2 cohort studies].
Significantly because pooled RR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 0.61 to 0.96. RR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found compared to the lowest dietary lutein intake, that the highest dietary lutein intake significantly increased risk of Parkinson's disease with 86% [pooled RR = 1.86, 95% CI = 1.20 to 2.88, n = 3 case-control studies].

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analyses that every increment of dietary vitamin C intake with 50 mg/d significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.88 to 0.99, n = 6].

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analyses that every increment of dietary vitamin E intake with 5 mg/d significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 16% [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.70 to 0.99, n = 7].

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analyses that every increment of dietary β-carotene intake with 2 mg/d significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.89 to 0.99, n = 6].

The investigators found in dose-response meta-analyses that every increment of dietary zinc intake with 1 mg/d significantly reduced risk of Parkinson's disease with 35% [RR = 0.65, 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.86, n = 1].

The investigators concluded that higher intake of antioxidant-rich foods reduces risk of Parkinson's disease. Future, well-designed prospective studies are needed to validate the present findings.

Original title:
Dietary Antioxidants and Risk of Parkinson's Disease: A Systematic Review and Dose-response Meta-analysis of Observational Studies by Talebi S, Ghoreishy SM, […], Mohammadi H.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/35030236/

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100 µg/d vitamin K2 + 1000 mg/d calcium supplements increase lumbar spine bone mineral

Objectives:
With the increasing incidence of osteoporosis, vitamin K and calcium have been linked to bone mineral density (BMD) and undercarboxylated osteocalcin (UcOC) in many studies, but the results of studies of the combined effect of vitamin K and calcium on BMD and UcOC in humans have been inconsistent. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do vitamin K and calcium supplements used in combination increase bone mineral density and decrease undercarboxylated osteocalcin level?

Study design:
This review article included 10 randomized controlled trials (RCTs) with a total of 1,346 patients.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found that the combination of vitamin K and calcium supplements was significantly associated with a higher lumbar spine bone mineral density [SMD = 0.20, 95% CI = 0.07 to 0.32, I2 = 46.9%, p = 0.049].
However, after applying trim and fill method (where correction was made for publication bias), the results were not statistically significant [estimate = 0.067, 95% CI = -0.044 to 0.178].

The investigators found that vitamin K and calcium supplementation led to a significant decrease in undercarboxylated osteocalcin [SMD = -1.71, 95% CI = - 2.45 to -0.96, I2 = 95.7%, p  0.01].
The results did not change after correcting publication bias [estimate = - 0.947, 95% CI = -1.211 to - 0.687].
The SMD in the sensitivity analysis was -0.82 [95% CI = - 1.10 to -0.55, I2 = 65.4%, p  0.01].

The investigators found in subgroup analysis that the combination of vitamin K2 and calcium supplements was significantly associated with a higher lumbar spine bone mineral density [SMD = 0.30, 95% CI = 0.10 to 0.51, I2 = 0%].

The investigators found in subgroup analysis that the combination of vitamin K and  ≤ 1000 mg/d calcium supplements was significantly associated with a higher lumbar spine bone mineral density [SMD = 0.19, 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.32, I2 = 62.3%].

The investigators found in subgroup analysis that the combination of  ≤100 µg/d vitamin K and calcium supplements was significantly associated with a higher lumbar spine bone mineral density [SMD = 0.40, 95% CI = 0.20 to 0.61, I2 = 49.9%].

The investigators found in subgroup analysis that the combination of vitamin K and calcium supplements during ≤1 year was significantly associated with a higher lumbar spine bone mineral density [SMD = 0.38, 95% CI = 0.19 to 0.57, I2 = 40%].

The investigators concluded that ≤100 µg/d vitamin K2 and ≤1000 mg/d calcium supplements used in combination are associated with a higher lumbar spine bone mineral density and a lower undercarboxylated osteocalcin level.

Original title:
The combined effect of vitamin K and calcium on bone mineral density in humans: a meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Hu L, Ji J, [...], Yu B.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8515712/

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Mushroom consumption reduces all-cause mortality

Objectives:
Whether mushroom consumption, which is a rich source of potent antioxidants ergothioneine and glutathione, vitamins and minerals (e.g., selenium & copper), is associated with a lower mortality risk is not well understood. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does mushroom consumption reduce all-cause mortality?

Study design:
This review article included 5 prospective cohort studies with a total of 50,787 cases of deaths accrued in 601,893 men and women.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in a meta-analysis that mushroom consumption was significantly associated with an 6% decrease of the risk of all-cause mortality [pooled risk ratio = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.91 to 0.98].  

The investigators concluded that a meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies shows mushroom consumption reduces all-cause mortality. These findings can be used to support public health recommendations and increase awareness about the health-promoting effects of mushrooms. Large prospective cohort studies with repeated dietary data measurements are needed to replicate these findings and clarify the potential protective role of mushrooms against premature mortality.

Original title:
Prospective study of dietary mushroom intake and risk of mortality: results from continuous National Health and Nutrition Examination Survey (NHANES) 2003-2014 and a meta-analysis by Ba DM, Gao X, [...], Richie Jr JP.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8454070/

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No difference in seroconversion between 3 doses of fIPV and 3 doses of full-dose poliovirus vaccine

Objectives:
Since WHO recommended introduction of at least a single dose of inactivated poliovirus vaccine (IPV) in routine immunisation schedules, there have been global IPV shortages. Fractional-dose IPV (fIPV) administration is one of the strategies to ensure IPV availability. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there a difference in seroconversion and antibodies response between fractional-dose IPV (fIPV) and full-dose IPV?

Study design:
This review article included 14 articles: 2 ongoing trials and 12 articles reporting on 10 completed studies.

The seroconversion meta-analysis for the three-dose comparison was homogeneous [p = 0.45, I2 = 0%], whereas heterogeneity was observed in the two-dose [p 0.00001, I2 = 88%] and one-dose [p = 0.0004, I2 = 74%] comparisons.
Heterogeneity was observed in meta-analyses of GMTs for one-dose [p 0.00001, I2 = 92%, two-dose [p = 0.002, I2 = 80%] and three-dose [p 0.00001, I2 = 93%] comparisons. Findings for types 1 and 3 were similar to those for type 2.
The certainty of the evidence was high for the three-dose comparisons and moderate for the rest of the comparisons.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found for poliovirus type 2, there were no significant differences in the proportions of seroconversions between fractional and full doses of IPV for 2 or 3 doses: the risk ratio for serconversion at 1 dose was 0.61 [95% CI = 0.51 to 0.72], at 2 doses was 0.90 [95% CI = 0.82 to 1.00] and at 3 doses was 0.95 [95% CI = 0.91 to 1.00].

The investigators found geometric mean titres (GMTs) for poliovirus type 2 were lower for fIPV than for full-dose IPV [-0.51, 95% CI = -0.87 to -0.14] at 1 dose [-0.49, 95% CI = -0.70 to -0.28] at 2 doses and [-0.98, 95% CI = -1.46 to -0.51] at 3 doses.

The investigators concluded that there is no substantial difference in seroconversion between 3 doses of fractional-dose IPV (fIPV) and 3 doses of full-dose poliovirus vaccine (IPV), although the full dose gives higher titres of antibodies for poliovirus type 1, 2 and 3. Use of fractional IPV instead of the full dose can stretch supplies and possibly lower the cost of vaccination.

Original title:
Fractional dose compared with standard dose inactivated poliovirus vaccine in children: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Mashunye TR, Ndwandwe DE, [...], Wiysonge CS.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33939958/

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