Objectives:
Adequate nutrition is critical for optimal growth and development. However, young children may be at risk of nutrient deficiencies when transitioning to weaning foods for a variety of reasons. Supplementation with fortified milk may provide potentially lacking essential nutrients, but effects on growth and nutritional status are yet to be established. Therefore, this meta-analysis (review article) has been conducted.

Have fortified milk beneficial effects on growth and nutritional outcomes in young children?

Objectives:
Does higher protein intake increase bone mineral density?

Study design:
This review article included 6 RCTs and 20 prospective cohort studies.
There were no adverse effects of higher protein intakes.
Studies were heterogeneous and confounding could not be excluded.

Objectives:
With only 5-10% of breast cancer cases attributed to genetic inheritance, prevention efforts have focused on modifiable risk factors. Physical activity plays a role in reducing breast cancer risk; however, the interaction between physical activity and other modifiable risk factors, such as obesity, has received little attention. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

What is the relationship between physical activity and breast cancer and how it may be modified by body mass index (BMI)?

Objectives:
Although epidemiological studies have examined the role of chocolate in preventing cardiometabolic disease, the results remain inconsistent. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does chocolate consumption reduce risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and diabetes?

Objectives:
Does a vegetarian diet reduce diabetes risk?

Study design:
This review article included 2 cohort studies and 12 cross-sectional studies.

Although the funnel plot showed a slight asymmetry, publication bias was not detected based on statistical tests such as the Egger’s [p = 0.465] and Begg’s tests [p = 0.584].

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found vegetarians had a 27.4% lower risk of having diabetes than omnivores [OR = 0.726, 95% CI = 0.608-0.867].

Objectives:
Protective effects of calcium supplementation against colorectal adenomas have been documented in systematic reviews; however, the results have not been conclusive. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does calcium supplementation reduce colorectal adenomas?

Objectives:
Measles is an important cause of childhood morbidity and mortality globally, despite increasing vaccine coverage. Zinc plays a significant role in the maintenance of normal immunological functions, therefore supplements given to zinc-deficient children will increase the availability of zinc and could reduce measles-related morbidity and mortality. This is an update of a review first published in 2015.

Does zinc supplementation reduce measles risk in children?

Objectives:
Recently, several randomized controlled trials (RCTs) reported the association between the use of vitamin or antioxidant supplements and the risk of bladder cancer. However, those findings remain inconsistent and some studies even reported that vitamin and antioxidant supplements increased the risk of bladder cancer. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Is there an association between the use of vitamin or antioxidant supplements and the risk of bladder cancer?

Objectives:
Available studies in the literature on the selenium levels in Alzheimer's disease (AD) are inconsistent with some studies reporting its decrease in the circulation, while others reported an increase or no change as compared to controls. Therefore, this meta-analysis (review article) has been conducted.

Do lower circulatory (plasma/serum and blood), erythrocyte and cerebrospinal fluid (CSF) selenium levels increase Alzheimer's disease risk?

Objectives:
Four studies previously indicated that the effect of malaria infection during pregnancy on the risk of low birthweight (LBW 2,500g) may depend upon maternal nutritional status. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does malaria during pregnancy increase risk of having a low birthweight and is there a synergistic interaction between malaria and malnutrition?