Nutrition and health

Objectives:
Fish oil has been shown to reduce the risk of metabolic disorders. However, the effects of fish oil intervention on glucose metabolism and insulin sensitivity are still controversial, especially in children. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do fish oil supplements (EPA + DHA) improve insulin sensitivity in children?

Study design:
This review article included 13 RCTs with 567 children in placebo group (group without fish oil supplements) and 565 in fish oil group (intervention group).

No heterogeneity was found for the pooled and subgroup analyses.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found compared with the placebo group, fish oil intervention had beneficial effects on insulin sensitivity in the pooled analysis [WMD = -0.219, 95% CI = -0.392 to -0.046, p = 0.013].

These beneficial effects were also found in subgroup analyses, when the fish oil intervention period was short-term (≤6 months) low dose (eicosapentaenoic acid (EPA) + docosahexaenoic acid (DHA) dose 1.5 g/day) and high ratio (eicosapentaenoic acid to docosahexaenoic acid ≥1).

The investigators concluded fish oil supplements, especially 1.5 g/day EPA + DHA during 6 months, improve insulin sensitivity in children.

Original title:
Effect of Fish Oil on Insulin Sensitivity in Children: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized, Controlled Trials by Hou M, Zhou W, [...], Lv H.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33388274/

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on EPA + DHA and diabetes right here.
 

Objectives:
Does type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) decrease bone mineral density (BMD) in children and adolescents?

Study design:
This review article included 9 cross-sectional studies with a total of 1,522 children and adolescents.

Funnel plot and the Egger test did not reveal significant publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found a significant decrease in bone mineral density Z-score in the whole body [pooled WMD = -0.47, 95% CI = -0.92 to -0.02, I2 = 80.2%] and lumbar spine [pooled WMD = -0.41, 95% CI = -0.69 to -0.12, I2 = 80.3%] in children and adolescents with type 1 diabetes mellitus, which was consistent in published studies from Asia and South America, but inconsistent in the North America and Europe.
Sensitivity analyses did not modify these findings.

The investigators found, importantly, the differences in bone mineral density Z-scores were independent of age, level of glucose control (HbA1c) and prepubertal stage.

The investigators concluded type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) decreases bone mineral density (BMD) Z-scores in the whole body and lumbar spine in children and adolescents.

Original title:
Association between type 1 diabetes mellitus and reduced bone mineral density in children: a meta-analysis by Zhu Q, J Xu J, […], Shi J.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/33404757/  

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on diabetes right here.
 

Objectives:
Is there a difference between high-load (≥70 of 1RM) and low-load (70 of 1RM) resistance training (RT) on femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) in middle-aged and older people?

Study design:
This review article included 6 RCTs.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found the meta-analysis revealed no difference in femoral neck bone mineral density [MD = 0.00 g/cm², 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.01, p = 0.63, I2 = 47%, p = 0.07] and lumbar spine bone mineral density [MD = 0.01 g/cm², 95% CI = -0.00 to 0.02, p = 0.12, I2 = 59%, p = 0.02] between high-load (≥70 of 1RM) resistance training group and low-load (70 of 1RM) resistance training group. 

The investigators found subgroup analysis revealed a significant effect of high-load resistance training on femoral neck bone mineral density when participants presented normal bone mineral density values [MD = 0.01 g/cm², 95% CI = 0.00 to 0.02, p = 0.04] and on interventions lasting up to 6 months [MD = 0.01 g/cm², 95% CI = 0.00 to 0.02, p = 0.03].

The investigators concluded both high-load (≥70 of 1RM) and low-load (70 of 1RM) resistance training (RT) have similar effects on femoral neck and lumbar spine bone mineral density (BMD) in middle-aged and older people.

Original title:
High and Low-Load Resistance Training Produce Similar Effects on Bone Mineral Density of Middle-Aged and Older People: A Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials by Souza D, Barbalho M, […], Gentil P.

Link:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0531556520303211?via%3Dihub

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find here more information/studies about sport nutrition.

Objectives:
Type 1 diabetes mellitus (T1DM) causes the irreversible destruction of pancreatic beta cells. The Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine can modulate the immune response and decelerate disease progression. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do patients with type 1 diabetes mellitus benefit from the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine?

Study design:
This review article included 4 RCTs. The sample sizes ranged from 6 to 94, with a total of 198 subjects. The mean age of the examinees ranged from 10.1 to 36.0 years and the follow-up duration ranged from 1 to 8 years.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found the pooled meta-analysis demonstrated no significant difference in HbA1c levels [MD = -0.12, 95% CI = -0.53 to 0.30, I2 = 56%] or fasting C-peptide levels [MD = -0.15, 95% CI = -0.35 to 0.06, I2 = 0%] in the BCG intervention group as compared with that in the placebo group.
The results remained unchanged after removing each study in the sensitivity analysis.

The investigators concluded there is no robust evidence to support the use of the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine for the treatment of type 1 diabetes mellitus although the HbA1c levels tend to improve. Additional RCTs to assess the long-term effects of the Bacillus Calmette-Guerin (BCG) vaccine on glycemic control are warranted.

Original title:
Therapeutic Effects of BCG Vaccination on Type 1 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Chang YC, Lin CJ, […], Hsu HY.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7139880/

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Find more information/studies on vaccination, diabetes mellitus and malnutrition right here.

Objectives:
Does fish consumption reduce risk of coronary heart disease (CHD), stroke and all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes (T2D)?

Study design:
This review article included 9 prospective cohort studies with 57,394 diabetic patients.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found for the highest compared with the lowest category of fish consumption, a significantly reduced risk of 14% [relative risk = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.76 to 0.96, I2 = 50%, n = 8] for all-cause mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The investigators found for the highest compared with the lowest category of fish consumption, a significantly reduced risk of 39% [relative risk = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.29 to 0.93, I2 = 68%, n = 3] for coronary heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.

The investigators found there was a monotonic inverse association, with a nadir at fish consumption of approximately 2-3 servings/week, in both analyses.

The investigators concluded 2-3 servings/week of fish consumption reduce risk of all-cause mortality and coronary heart disease in patients with type 2 diabetes.

Original title:
Fish consumption and the risk of cardiovascular disease and mortality in patients with type 2 diabetes: a dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Jayedi A, Soltani S, […], Shab-Bidar S.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32410513/

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Objectives:
Does niacin (vitamin B3) supplementation improve lipid profiles and glycemic control in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Study design:
This review article included 8 RCTs comprised a total of 2,110 patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.
Studies published ranged from 1990 to 2016 and 15 to 1,053 patients were included in each individual trial.

The follow-up duration ranged from 8.0 weeks to 12.0 months.

The study quality was assessed using the Jadad scale. 4 studies had 3 scores and the remaining 4 studies had 2 scores.

There was no significant publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found patients’ niacin supplementation was associated with lower levels of total cholesterol [WMD = -0.28, 95% CI = -0.44 to -0.12, p =  0.001], triglyceride [WMD = -0.37, 95% CI = -0.52 to -0.21, p   0 .001] and low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (bad cholesterol) [WMD = -0.42, 95% CI = -0.50 to -0.34, p    0.001].

The investigators found, moreover, the level of high-density lipoprotein cholesterol (good cholesterol) was significantly increased when niacin supplementation [WMD = 0.33, 95% CI = 0.21 to 0.44, p 0 .001] was provided.

The investigators found, however, niacin supplementation produced no significant effects on plasma glucose [WMD = 0.18, 95% CI = -0.14 to 0.50, p = 0 .275] and hemoglobin A1c (HbA1c) levels [WMD = 0.39, 95% CI = -0.15 to 0.94, p = 0 .158].

The investigators concluded that niacin (vitamin B3) supplementation improves lipid profiles, including total cholesterol, LDL and HDL cholesterol without affecting the glycemic levels for patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus. Additional large-scale RCTs should be conducted to evaluate the long-term effectiveness of niacin supplementation.

Original title:
Effectiveness of niacin supplementation for patients with type 2 diabetes: A meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Xiang D, Zhang Q and Wang YT.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7373507/

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Objectives:
Type 2 diabetes mellitus is a chronic disease that occurs among the general population. The insulin-lowering and homeostasis model assessment of insulin resistance-improving effects of inulin are unconfirmed. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do inulin supplements improve HOMA-IR, fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus?

Study design:
This review article included 9 RCTs with a total of 661 participants.

The duration of the interventions ranged from 6 weeks to 12 weeks and the dosage of inulin supplementation ranged from 8.4 g to 10 g per day.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found inulin supplementation significantly improved fasting plasma glucose [SMD = -0.55, 95% CI = -0.73 to -0.36, p = 0.0], HOMA-IR [SMD = -0.81, 95% CI = -1.59 to -0.03, p = 0.042] and HbA1c [SMD = -0.69, 95% CI = -0.92 to -0.46, p = 0.0] in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The investigators found, further subgroup analyses revealed a significant role of inulin supplementation for treatment durations ≥8 weeks [p = 0.038 for insulin, p = 0.002 for HOMA-IR, p = 0.032 for fasting plasma glucose, p = 0 for HbA1c] in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

The investigators concluded that daily 8.4-10 grams of inulin supplements for at least 8 weeks improve HOMA-IR, fasting plasma glucose and HbA1c in patients with type 2 diabetes mellitus.

Original title:
Efficacy of inulin supplementation in improving insulin control, HbA1c and HOMA-IR in patients with type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Zhang W, Tang Y, […], Hu H.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7263925/

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Inulin is a type of fiber that's found in certain plant foods. Chicory root is the main source of inulin in supplement form.

Objectives:
Antioxidant status is considered as important factor in the pathogenesis (the manner of development of a disease) of vitiligo. However, there are controversial findings about serum status of antioxidants in vitiligo patients. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there a relationship between serum antioxidant level (e.g. vitamin C, E, zinc and selenium) and risk of vitiligo?

Study design:
This review article included 11 studies including 570 vitiligo cases and 580 controls (people without vitiligo).

Serum vitamin A and copper level in vitiligo patients were only evaluated in single studies and not included in meta-analysis.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found based on fixed effect model, there were no statistical difference between two groups regarding serum vitamin C levels [OR = 1.17, 95% CI = 0.74 to 1.84, p = 0.495] and serum vitamin E levels [OR = 0.61, 95% CI = 0.30 to 1.25, p = 0.180].

The investigators found in sensitivity analysis, higher serum zinc levels significantly decreased risk of vitiligo with 71% [OR = 0.29, 95% CI = 0.15 to 0.54, p 0.001].

The investigators found in sensitivity analysis, higher serum selenium level significantly increased risk of vitiligo with 331% [OR = 4.31, 95% CI = 2.72 to 6.81, p 0.001].

The investigators concluded that higher serum selenium and lower zinc level increase risk of vitiligo. Potential mechanism associated with preventive effects of zinc and the depigmentation effect of selenium should be more elucidated in further studies.

Original title:
Serum Level of Antioxidant Vitamins and Minerals in Patients With Vitiligo, a Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Huo J, Liu T, [...], Wang R.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32593085/

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Find here more information/studies about antioxidants, selenium and zinc.

Vitiligo is a long-term condition where pale white patches develop on the skin. It's caused by the lack of melanin, which is the pigment in skin. Vitiligo can affect any area of skin, but it commonly happens on the face, neck and hands and in skin creases.

Objectives:
Does barberry (Berberis vulgaris L.) supplementation improve glycemic markers including fasting blood sugar (FBS) concentrations, insulin levels, homeostatic model assessment for insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) and glycosylated hemoglobin (HbA1c) percentage?

Study design:
This review article included 7 RCTs, comprising 452 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found the meta-analysis revealed that barberry supplementation significantly reduced insulin levels [Hedges’s = -0.67, 95% CI = -1.31 to -0.03, p = 0.04, I2 = 73.3%].
However, no significant positive effect was observed for fasting blood sugar levels [WMD = -8.06 mg/dL, 95% CI = -20.46 to 4.33, p = 0.23, I2 = 96.1%], HbA1c percentage [WMD = -0.83%, 95% CI = -2.33 to 0.67, p = 0.27, I2 = 88.3%] and HOMA-IR index [WMD = -0.55, 95% CI = -1.60 to 0.50, p = 0.30, I2 = 99.4%].

The investigators concluded barberry supplementation improves insulin levels.

Original title:
The Effect of Barberry (Berberis Vulgaris L.) on Glycemic Indices: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Safari Z, Farrokhzad A, […], Askari G.

Link:
https://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/abs/pii/S0965229920302235?via%3Dihub

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on diabetes and fruit right here.

Objectives:
Nitric oxide related ergogenic aids such as arginine (Arg) have shown to impact positively on sport performance through several physiological and metabolic mechanisms. However, research results have shown to be controversial. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Do both acute and chronic arginine supplementation increase aerobic (≤VO2max) and anaerobic (>VO2max) performance?

Study design:
This review article included 15 RCTs with 386 males and 8 females.

Arginine supplementation was ingested by participants in both acute and chronic protocols.
Acute arginine protocol was 0.15 g/kg (≈10-11 g) ingested between 60-90 minutes before physical exercises.

Chronic arginine protocol was 1.5-2 g/day during 4-7 weeks or 10-12 g/day during 8 weeks.

Random effects model and pooled standardized mean differences (SMD) were used according to Hedges’ g.

Egger’s analyses did not find publication bias in anaerobic performance [z = 0.786, p = 0.432]. However, funnel plot showed publication bias in aerobic performance data [z = 2.873, p 0.05].

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found both acute and chronic arginine supplementation significantly improved anaerobic performance [SMD = 0.24, 95% CI = 0.05 to 0.43, p = 0.01, I2 = 0%, p = 0.85].

The investigators found both acute and chronic arginine supplementation significantly improved aerobic performance [SMD = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.12 to 1.56, p = 0.02, I2 = 89%, p 0.001].

The investigators concluded both acute and chronic arginine supplementation improve (anaerobic/aerobic) performance.

Original title:
Effects of Arginine Supplementation on Athletic Performance Based on Energy Metabolism: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Viribay A, Burgos J, […], Mielgo-Ayuso J.

Link:
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/12/5/1300/htm

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Find here more information/studies about arginine and sport nutrition.

Objectives:
A low insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) level is known to be associated with many disorders. Several studies have shown that soy consumption may influence IGF-1, but the findings remain inconclusive. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does soy consumption increase insulin-like growth factor 1 (IGF-1) level?

Study design:
This review article included 8 clinical trials.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found, overall, a significant increment in plasma IGF-1 was observed following soy intervention [WMD = 13.5 ng/mL, 95% CI = 5.2 to 21.8, I2 = 97%].

The investigators found, subgroup analyses demonstrated a significantly greater increase in IGF-1, when soy was administered at a dosage of ≤40 g/day [WMD = 11.7 ng/mL, 95% CI = 10.9 to 12.6, I2 = 98%] and when the intervention duration was 12 weeks [WMD = 26.6 ng/mL, 95% CI = 9.1 to 44.1, I2 = 0.0%].

The investigators found, in addition, soy intervention resulted in a greater increase in IGF-1 among non-healthy subjects [WMD = 36 ng/mL, 95% CI = 32.7 to 39.4, I2 = 84%] than healthy subjects [WMD = 9.8 ng/mL, 95% CI = 8.9 to 10.7, I2 = 90%].

The investigators concluded ≤40 grams of soy consumption per day during 12 weeks increase the IGF-1 level.

Original title:
The Effect of Soy Intervention on Insulin-Like Growth Factor 1 Levels: A Meta-Analysis of Clinical Trials by Jiawei Zeng J, Feng Y, […], Chen X.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/32072706/

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Objectives:
Does high magnesium dietary intake reduce risk of type 2 diabetes and stroke?

Study design:
This review article included 53 prospective cohort studies with a total of 1,912,634 participants and 76,678 cases (persons with type 2 diabetes or stroke).

Participants were predominately middle aged at baseline (at the beginning of the studies), with a mean magnesium intake of 370 mg/day for the highest category and 232 mg/day for the lowest category.

The mean duration of all eligible studies was 10.7 years.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found, when comparing the highest category of magnesium dietary intake (370 mg/day) to the lowest (232 mg/day), a significantly reduced risk of 22% [RR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.81, p 0.001, I2 = 35.6%, p = 0.021] for type 2 diabetes.

The investigators found, when comparing the highest category of magnesium dietary intake (370 mg/day) to the lowest (232 mg/day), a significantly reduced risk of 11% [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.83 to 0.94, p 0.001, I2 = 0%, p = 0.529] for total stroke.

The investigators found, when comparing the highest category of magnesium dietary intake (370 mg/day) to the lowest (232 mg/day), a significantly reduced risk of 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.95, p = 0.001, I2 = 16.9%, p = 0.265] for ischaemic stroke.

The investigators found in studies adjusted for cereal fiber dietary intake, a significantly reduced risk of 21% [RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.73 to 0.85, p 0.001] for type 2 diabetes.

The investigators found in studies adjusted for calcium dietary intake, a significantly reduced risk of 11% [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.80 to 0.99, p = 0.040] for total stroke.

The investigators found in stratified analyses by characteristics of the population and study design, a significantly reduced risk of 9% [RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.83 to 0.99] for total stroke among female.

The investigators found in stratified analyses by characteristics of the population and study design, a significantly reduced risk of 11% [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.79 to 1.00] for ischaemic stroke among female.

The investigators found in stratified analyses by characteristics of the population and study design, a significantly reduced risk of 11% [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.82 to 0.96] for total stroke among individuals with BMI ≥25 kg/m².

The investigators found in stratified analyses by characteristics of the population and study design, a significantly reduced risk of 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.96] for ischaemic stroke among individuals with BMI ≥25 kg/m².

The investigators found in stratified analyses by characteristics of the population and study design, a significantly reduced risk of 11% [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.83 to 0.95] for total stroke among studies wtith ≥12-year follow-up.

The investigators found in stratified analyses by characteristics of the population and study design, a significantly reduced risk of 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.95] for ischaemic stroke among studies wtith ≥12-year follow-up.

The investigators found for every 100 mg/day increment of magnesium dietary intake, a significantly reduced risk of 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.93 to 0.95] for type 2 diabetes.

The investigators found for every 100 mg/day increment of magnesium dietary intake, a significantly reduced risk of 2% [RR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97 to 0.99] for total stroke.

The investigators found for every 100 mg/day increment of magnesium dietary intake, a significantly reduced risk of 2% [RR = 0.98, 95% CI = 0.97 to 0.99] for ischaemic stroke.

The investigators concluded magnesium dietary intake has a substantial inverse association with type 2 diabetes and (total/ ischaemic) stroke. Furthermore, female, participants with obesity (BMI ≥ 25 kg/m²) and with a longer follow-up period (≥12 years) obtain greater benefit from magnesium intake with a lower risk of total and ischaemic stroke incidence. Overall, these findings support the guidelines to address the role of magnesium dietary intake in early prevention strategies to combat type 2 diabetes and stroke. However, additional RCTs are needed in the future to validate the causality.

Original title:
Association of magnesium intake with type 2 diabetes and total stroke: an updated systematic review and meta-analysis by Zhao B, Zeng L, [...], Zhang W.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC7103847/

Additional information of El Mondo:
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Objectives:
Does protein supplementation yield beneficial effects on body composition and muscle function (strength and synthesis) in healthy adults, with an emphasis on the timing of protein intake?

Study design:
This review article included 65 RCTs with 2,907 participants (1,514 men and 1,380 women, 13 unknown sex). 26, 8 and 24 studies were used for meta-analysis on lean body mass, handgrip strength and leg press strength, respectively.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found protein supplementation was effective in improving lean body mass (LBM) in adults [MD = 0.62 kg, 95% CI = 0.36 to 0.88] and older adults [MD = 0.46 kg, 95% CI = 0.23 to 0.70].
Sensitivity analyses removing studies without exercise training had no impact on the outcome.

The investigators found no association between protein supplementation and handgrip strength [older adults: MD = 0.26 kg, 95% CI = -0.51 to 1.04] and leg press strength [adults: MD = 5.80 kg, 95% CI = -0.33 to 11.93 and older adults: MD = 1.97 kg, 95% CI = -2.78 to 6.72].
Sensitivity analyses removing studies without exercise training had no impact on the outcome.

The investigators found data regarding muscle synthesis were scarce and inconclusive.

The investigators found subgroup analyses showed no beneficial effect of a specific timing of protein intake on lean body mass, handgrip strength and leg press strength.

The investigators concluded there is a positive impact of protein supplementation on lean body mass of healthy adults and older adults, independently of intake timing.

Original title:
The Role of Protein Intake and its Timing on Body Composition and Muscle Function in Healthy Adults: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Wirth J, Hillesheim E and Brennan L.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32232404

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The more lean body mass a person has, the higher their resting metabolic rate. Resting metabolic rate is the total number of calories burned when your body is completely at rest. Resting metabolic rate supports breathing, circulating blood, organ functions and basic neurological functions.

Objectives:
Is there an association between total meat, red meat, processed meat, poultry and fish intake and risk of type 2 diabetes (T2D)?

Study design:
This review article included 28 prospective cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found when compared with the lowest category, the highest category of total meat intake, significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes with 33% [summary relative risk = 1.33, 95% CI = 1.16 to 1.52].
Significantly means that there is an association with a 95% confidence.

The investigators found when compared with the lowest category, the highest category of red meat intake, significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes with 22% [summary relative risk = 1.22, 95% CI = 1.16 to 1.28].
Significantly because summary relative risk of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 1.16 to 1.28. Summary relative risk of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found when compared with the lowest category, the highest category of processed meat intake, significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes with 25% [summary relative risk = 1.25, 95% CI = 1.13 to 1.37].
Significantly means it can be said with a 95% confidence that the highest category of processed meat intake really increased risk of type 2 diabetes with 25%.

The investigators found no association between highest category of poultry intake and risk of type 2 diabetes [summary relative risk = 1.00, 95% CI = 0.93 to 1.07].
No association because summary relative risk of 1 was found in the 95% CI of 0.93 to 1.07. Summary relative risk of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found no association between highest category of fish intake and risk of type 2 diabetes [summary relative risk = 1.01, 95% CI = 0.93 to 1.10].

The investigators found in the dose-response analysis, each additional 100g/day of total and red meat and 50g/day of processed meat, were found to be associated with a 36% [95% CI = 1.23 to 1.49], 31% [95% CI = 1.19 to 1.45] and 46% [95% CI = 1.26 to 1.69] increased risk of type 2 diabetes, respectively.

The investigators found, in addition, there was evidence of a non-linear dose-response association between processed meat and type 2 diabetes [p = 0.004], with the risk increasing by 30% with increasing intakes up to 30g/day.

The investigators concluded 100g/day of total meat, 100g/day red meat and 50g/day of processed meat, increase risk of type 2 diabetes.

Original title:
Meat and fish intake and type 2 diabetes: dose-response meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Yang X, Li Y, […], Li L.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32302686

Additional information of El Mondo:
Find more information/studies on fish and meat consumption and diabetes right here.

Objectives:
Which types of exercise training (whole body vibration training, aerobic training, strength training and combined training) increase lumbar spine and femoral neck bone mineral density (BMD) in older postmenopausal women (PMW)?

Study design:
This review article included 16 RCTs with 1,624 subjects.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found no significant change in lumbar spine bone mineral density following exercise training [MD = 0.01 g/cm², 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.02].

The investigators found no significant change in femoral neck bone mineral density following exercise training [MD = 0.00 g/cm², 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.01].

The investigators found, however, subgroup analysis by type of exercise training revealed that lumbar spine bone mineral density [MD = 0.01, 95% CI = 0.00 to 0.02] raised significantly when whole-body vibration (WBV) was employed as intervention compared with RCTs that utilized aerobic [MD = -0.01, 95% CI = -0.02 to -0.01], resistance [MD = 0.01, 95% CI = -0.04 to 0.06] or combined training [MD = 0.03, 95% CI = -0.01 to 0.08].

The investigators found, on the other hand, lumbar spine bone mineral density [MD = - 0.01, 95% CI = -0.02 to -0.01] reduced significantly when aerobic exercise training was used as intervention compared with RCTs that utilized resistance training, combined training or whole-body vibration. 

The investigators concluded whole-body vibration is an effective method to improve lumbar spine bone mineral density in older postmenopausal women.

Original title:
The Impact of Different Modes of Exercise Training on Bone Mineral Density in Older Postmenopausal Women: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis Research by Mohammad Rahimi GR, Smart NA, […], Mohammad Rahimi N.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/32055889

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Objectives:
Is there a causal relationship between psyllium (a dietary fiber) consumption and improvements of risk factors of diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 9 RCTs with 395 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found psyllium consumption significantly reduced triglycerides levels with 19.18 mg/dL [WMD = -19.18 mg/dL, 95% CI = -31.76 to -6.60, I2 = 98%].

The investigators found psyllium consumption significantly reduced low-density lipoprotein cholesterol levels with 8.96 mg/dL [WMD = -8.96 mg/dL, 95% CI = -13.39 to -4.52, I2 = 97%].

The investigators found psyllium consumption significantly reduced fasting blood sugar levels with 8.96 mg/dL [WMD = -31.71 mg/dL, 95% CI = -50.04 to -13.38, I2 = 97%].

The investigators found psyllium consumption significantly reduced hemoglobin A1c levels with 0.91% [WMD = -0.91%, 95% CI = -1.31 to -0.51, I2 = 99%].

The investigators found no significant change in high-density lipoprotein, body mass index, cholesterol and weight following psyllium consumption.

The investigators concluded there is a significant reduction in triglycerides, low-density lipoprotein cholesterol (bad cholesterol), fasting blood sugar and hemoglobin A1c levels following psyllium consumption among diabetic patients.

Original title:
The effect of psyllium consumption on weight, body mass index, lipid profile, and glucose metabolism in diabetic patients: A systematic review and dose-response meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Xiao Z, Chen H, [...], Wei Y.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31919936

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Psyllium is a form of fiber made from the husks of the Plantago ovata plant’s seeds. The psyllium husk is a naturally occurring source of soluble fiber.
Psyllium is commonly found in cereals, dietary supplements and is also added to some foods including baked products such as breads, cereal bars and rice/grain cakes.
 

Objectives:
Previous findings on the associations of legume and soy intake with the risk of type 2 diabetes are conflicting. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does legume or soy dietary intake reduce risk of type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 15 unique cohort studies with a total of 565,810 individuals and 32,093 incident cases (persons with type 2 diabetes).

Overall quality of evidence was rated as moderate for total legumes and low for total soy and soy subtypes.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found no association between total legumes dietary intake and risk of type 2 diabetes [summary RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.79 to 1.14, I2 = 84.8%].
No association because RR of 1 was found in the 95% CI of 0.79 to 1.14. RR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found no association between total soy dietary intake and risk of type 2 diabetes [summary RR = 0.83, 95% CI = 0.68 to 1.01, I2 = 90.8%].

The investigators found no association between soy milk dietary intake and risk of type 2 diabetes [summary RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.71 to 1.11, I2 = 91.7%].

The investigators found tofu dietary intake significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with 8% [summary RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.84 to 0.99].
Significantly because RR of 1 was not found in the 95% CI of 0.84 to 0.99. RR of 1 means no risk/association.

The investigators found soy protein dietary intake significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with 16% [summary RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.75 to 0.95].

The investigators found soy isoflavones dietary intake significantly reduced risk of type 2 diabetes with 12% [summary RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81 to 0.96].

The investigators found in dose-response analysis, significant linear inverse associations for tofu, soy protein and soy isoflavones [all p 0.05].

The investigators concluded dietary intakes of tofu, soy protein and soy isoflavones reduce incident type 2 diabetes. These findings support recommendations to increase intakes of certain soy products for the prevention of type 2 diabetes. However, the overall quality of evidence was low and more high-quality evidence from prospective studies is needed.

Original title:
Legume and soy intake and risk of type 2 diabetes: a systematic review and meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Tang J, Wan Y, […], Feng F.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31915830

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Objectives:
The role of zinc in the etiology of type 2 diabetes has been widely reported in recent decades. However, much remains uncertain concerning the effect of zinc on the risk of developing type 2 diabetes. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does zinc reduce risk of type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 16 studies.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found in 7 prospective cohort studies and 1 cross-sectional study (146,027 participants aged between 18 and 84 years and of both genders, belonging to different ethnic groups. Of which, 11,511 type 2 diabetes cases) when comparing the highest versus lowest dietary zinc intakes, a significantly reduced risk of 13% [OR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.78-0.98, I2 = 64.5%, p = 0.003] for type 2 diabetes.
This relationship was stronger and more evident in rural compared to urban areas [rural areas: OR = 0.59, 95% CI = 0.48-0.73, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.843 versus urban areas: OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.86-1.02, I2 = 43.9%, p = 0.113].

The investigators found no association between supplementary [OR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.75-1.19, I2 = 85.4%, p = 0.009] or total zinc intake from both diet and supplementation [OR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.82-1.11, I2 = 56.5%, p = 0.129] and type 2 diabetes risk.

The investigators found in population-based studies that high serum/plasma zinc levels significantly increased risk of type 2 diabetes with 64% [OR = 1.64, 95% CI = 1.25-2.14, I2 > 22.5%, p = 0.275].

The investigators concluded high dietary zinc intake reduces risk of type 2 diabetes. This relationship is stronger and more evident in rural compared to urban areas. However, an elevated serum/plasma zinc concentration is associated with an increased risk of type 2 diabetes in the general population.

Link:
Zinc Intake and Status and Risk of Type 2 Diabetes Mellitus: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Fernández-Cao JC, Warthon-Medina M, […], Lowe NM.

Link:
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/5/1027/htm

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Serum/plasma zinc levels can be increased by eating products that contain a lot of zinc and/or taking zinc supplements.
 

Objectives:
Does strength training improve total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL), high-density lipoprotein (HDL), C-reactive protein (CRP) and adiponectin levels of adults?

Study design:
This review article included clinical trials up to May 2017.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found strength training significantly reduced total cholesterol levels [ES = -0.399, p  0.001]. 

The investigators found strength training significantly reduced triglycerides levels [ES = -0.204, p = 0.002]. 

The investigators found strength training significantly reduced LDL cholesterol levels [ES = -0.451, p  0.001]. 

The investigators found strength training significantly reduced CRP levels [ES = -0.542, p = 0.01]. 

The investigators found strength training significantly increased HDL cholesterol levels [ES = 0.363, p  0.001]. 

The investigators found strength training significantly increased adiponectin levels [ES = 1.105, p = 0.01]. 

The investigators concluded strength training promotes decreases in total cholesterol (TC), triglycerides (TG), low-density lipoprotein (LDL) (also called bad cholesterol), C-reactive protein (CRP) levels and increases high-density lipoprotein (HDL) (also called good cholesterol) and adiponectin levels of adults. Thus, progressive strength training could be a potential therapeutic option for improving abnormalities in lipid and inflammatory outcomes in adults.

Original title:
Effect of Strength Training on Lipid and Inflammatory Outcomes: Systematic Review With Meta-Analysis and Meta-Regression by Costa RR, Buttelli ACK, […], Kruel LFM.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31023184

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Objectives:
Does magnesium reduce risk of type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 35 cohort studies and 26 RCTs (1,168 participants).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found compared to the lowest magnesium dietary intake, the highest level was associated with a 22% lower risk for type 2 diabetes.

The investigators found the risk for type 2 diabetes was reduced by 6% for each 100mg increment in daily magnesium dietary intake.

The investigators found in 26 RCTs (1,168 participants) that magnesium supplementation significantly reduced:
-the fasting plasma glucose (FPG) level [SMD = -0.32, 95% CI = -0.59 to -0.05];
-2-h oral glucose tolerance test (2-h OGTT) result [SMD = -0.30, 95% CI = -0.58 to -0.02];
-fasting insulin level [SMD = -0.17, 95% CI = -0.30 to -0.04];
-homeostatic model assessment-insulin resistance (HOMA-IR) score [SMD = -0.41, 95% CI = -0.71 to -0.11];
-triglyceride (TG) level;
-systolic blood pressure (SBP) and;
-diastolic blood pressure (DBP).

The investigators found trial sequential analysis (TSA) showed an inverse association, with most benefits of magnesium supplementation on glucose metabolism being stable.

The investigators concluded magnesium dietary intake has an inverse dose-response association with type 2 diabetes incidence and supplementation appears to be advisable in terms of glucose parameters in type 2 diabetes/high-risk individuals.

Original title:
Association of Magnesium Consumption with Type 2 Diabetes and Glucose Metabolism: a Systematic Literature Review and Pooled Study with Trial Sequential Analysis by Zhao B, Deng H, [...], Zhang W.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31758631

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Objectives:
Observational evidence suggests higher nut consumption is associated with better glycemic control. However, it is unclear if this association is causal. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there a causal relationship between consumption of tree nuts or peanuts and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included a total of 40 RCTs with 2,832 unique participants, with a median duration of 3 months (range: 1-12 months).

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found overall consumption of tree nuts or peanuts had a favourable effect on HOMA-IR values [WMD = -0.23, 95% CI = -0.40 to -0.06, I2 = 51.7%] and fasting insulin levels [WMD = -0.40 μIU/mL, 95% CI = -0.73 to -0.07 μIU/mL, I2 = 49.4%].

The investigators found, however, there was no significant effect of nut consumption on fasting blood glucose levels [WMD = -0.52 mg/dL, 95% CI = -1.43 to 0.38 mg/dL, I2 = 53.4%] or HbA1c [WMD = 0.02%, 95% CI = -0.01% to 0.04%, I2 = 51.0%].

The investigators concluded consumption of peanuts or tree nuts decreases HOMA-IR and fasting insulin levels. These findings suggest that nut consumption may improve insulin sensitivity. In the future, well-designed clinical trials are required to elucidate the mechanisms that account for these observed effects.

Original title:
The effect of nuts on markers of glycemic control: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Tindall AM, Johnston EA, […], Petersen KS.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/30722007

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Objectives:
The incidence of type 2 diabetes mellitus (DM) has increased in the US over the last several years. The consumption of low-fat dairy foods has been linked with decreasing the risk of diabetes mellitus but studies have yet to show a clear correlation. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Is there a causal relationship between consumption of low-fat dairy foods and reduced risk of type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 30 RCTs.
The total sample size was 2,900 with >50% female participants, but the distribution varied greatly across different studies.
The mean age of subjects ranged from 18-63 years.
The funnel plots for all 3 outcomes (HOMA-IR, waist circumference and body weight) did not suggest significant publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found (794 individuals) comparing high intake to the control group, consumption of low-fat dairy foods significantly reduced the HOMA-IR values [MD = -1.21, 95% CI = -1.74 to -0.67, p 0.00001, I2 = 92%].

The investigators found (1,348 individuals) comparing high intake to the control group, consumption of low-fat dairy foods significantly reduced waist circumference [MD = -1.09 cm, 95% CI = -1.68 to -0.58, p 0.00001, I2 = 94%].

The investigators found for body weight (2,362 individuals), the low-fat dairy foods intervention group weighed 0.42 kg less than the control group [p 0.00001, I2 = 92%].

The investigators found limiting to studies that were assessed to have low risk of bias did not significantly change the point estimates or heterogeneity statistics (Q or I2) for all 3 outcomes.
Similarly excluding studies with a physical activity component did not significantly alter point estimates or heterogeneity statistics for all 3 outcomes.

The investigators concluded low-fat dairy products have a beneficial effect on HOMA-IR, waist circumference and body weight. This could impact dietary recommendations to reduce type 2 diabetes risk.

Original title:
The Effects of Dairy Intake on Insulin Resistance: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Randomized Clinical Trials by Sochol KM, Johns TS, […], Melamed ML.

Link:
https://www.mdpi.com/2072-6643/11/9/2237/htm

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Objectives:
Creatine supplements are intended to improve performance, but there are indications that it can overwhelm liver and kidney functions, reduce the quality of life and increase mortality. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does creatine supplementation increase risk of renal damage?

Study design:
This review article included 15 studies in the qualitative analysis and 6 studies in the quantitative analysis.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found creatine supplementation did not significantly increase serum creatinine levels [standardized mean difference = 0.48, 95% CI = 0.24-0.73, p = 0.001, I2 = 22%].

The investigators found creatine supplementation did not significantly increase plasma urea values [standardized mean difference = 1.10, 95% CI = 0.34-1.85, p = 0.004, I2 = 28%].
The investigators concluded that creatine supplementation does not induce renal damage in the studied amounts and durations.

Original title:
Effects of Creatine Supplementation on Renal Function: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by de Souza ESA, Pertille A, […], de Oliveira JJ.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31375416

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Objectives:
In recent years, cardiovascular diseases (CVDs) have become a focus topic and global concern. There have been mixed reports on the relationship between whole grain or cereal fiber intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes. Therefore, this review article has been conducted.

Does grain or cereal fiber dietary intake reduce risk of type 2 diabetes?

Study design:
This review article included 7 cohort studies and 1 case-control study with a total of 434,903 participants and 14,728 cases of type 2 diabetes.
The average follow-up was 12.6 years.
There was no publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found whole grain or cereal fiber dietary intake was associated with a reduced risk of 26% [combined RR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.67 to 0.82, I2 = 56.8%, p = 0.06] for type 2 diabetes.
This reduced risk was 38% [pooled RR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.64-0.73, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.452] in sensitivity analysis.

The investigators found whole grain or cereal fiber dietary intake was associated with a reduced risk of 32% [combined RR = 0.68, 95% CI = 0.49 to 0.88] for type 2 diabetes among males.

The investigators found whole grain or cereal fiber dietary intake was associated with a reduced risk of 26% [combined RR = 0.74, 95% CI = 0.64 to 0.77] for type 2 diabetes among females.

The investigators concluded that increased whole grain and cereal fiber dietary intake reduce risk of type 2 diabetes.

Original title:
Whole grain and cereal fiber intake and the risk of type 2 diabetes: a meta-analysis by Wang Y, Duan Y, […], Jin Y.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC6627783/

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Objectives:
Although many studies have shown that low zinc status is associated with diabetes, the putative effects of zinc supplementation on glycemic control are inconclusive. Therefore, this review article (meta-analysis) has been conducted.

Does zinc supplementation reduce risk of diabetes mellitus?

Study design:
This review article included 32 RCTs, involving a total of 1,700 participants in 14 countries.

Results and conclusions:
The investigators found overall, compared with their respective control groups, the subjects in the zinc supplementation group had a statistically significant reduction in concentrations of :
-fasting glucose [WMD = -14.15 mg/dL, 95% CI = -17.36 to -10.93 mg/dL];
-2-h postprandial glucose [WMD = -36.85 mg/dL, 95% CI = -62.05 to -11.65 mg/dL];
-fasting insulin [WMD = -1.82 mU/L, 95% CI = -3.10 to -0.54 mU/L];
-homeostasis model assessment for insulin resistance [WMD = -0.73, 95% CI = -1.22 to -0.24]:
-glycated hemoglobin [WMD = -0.55%, 95% CI = -0.84 to -0.27%] and;
-high-sensitivity C-reactive protein [WMD = -1.31 mg/L, 95% CI = -2.05 to -0.56 mg/L].

The investigators found, moreover, subgroup analyses revealed that the effects of zinc supplementation on fasting glucose were significantly influenced by diabetic status and the formulation of the zinc supplement.

The investigators concluded several key glycemic indicators are significantly reduced by zinc supplementation, particularly the fasting glucose in subjects with diabetes and in subjects who received an inorganic zinc supplement. Together, these findings support the notion that zinc supplementation may have clinical potential as an adjunct therapy for preventing or managing diabetes.

Original title:
Zinc supplementation improves glycemic control for diabetes prevention and management: a systematic review and meta-analysis of randomized controlled trials by Wang X, Wu W, [...], Wang F.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/31161192

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