Voeding en gezondheid

Research Question:
Epidemiological studies showed contradictory results with regard to the relationship between the folate content of the mother and the risk of congenital heart defects. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Swallowing folic acid during pregnancy reduces the risk of congenital heart defects?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 1 RCT, 1 cohort and case-control studies with in total 18500 16 cases with congenital heart defects.

There was no question of publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that taking folic acid during pregnancy the risk of congenital heart defects significantly with 22% [RR = 0.78, 95% CI = 0.69-0.89, I2 = 31.9%] reduced.

The researchers concluded that the swallowing folic acid during pregnancy the risk of congenital heart disease may be reduced. Possible because this overview article contained only case-control studies.

Original title:
Maternal folic acid supplementation and the risk of congenital heart defects in offspring: a meta-analysis of epidemiological observational studies by Feng Y, Wang S, [...], Mo X.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4330542/

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on pregnancy and folic acid.
How many kilos of a woman during pregnancy should arrive, you can look up here.

Research Question:
Lowers eating carotenoids the chance of getting head and neck cancer?   

Study Design:
This overview article contain 14 case-control studies and 1 prospective cohort studies.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that the ingest of many beta-carotene equivalents through feeding the chance of getting oral cancer significantly with 46% [OR = 0.54, 95% = 0.37-0.80] and the chance of getting Larynx Cancer significantly with 57% [OR = 0.43, 95% = 0.24-0.77] reduced.

The reduced risk was also found for eating lycopene, Alpha-carotene and beta-cryptoxanthin.

The researchers concluded that eating a lot of carotenoids the chance of getting head and neck cancer may be reduced. Possible because the overview article only case-control studies and only 1 cohort study.

Original title:
Carotenoid Intake from Natural Sources and Head and Neck Cancer: A Systematic Review and Meta-analysis of Epidemiological Studies by Leoncini E, N D, [...], Boccia S.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25873578

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on the beschermdende effect of carotenoids against cancer.

The results found in case-control studies are less reliable than cohort studies because in case-control studies are more sensitive to errors than cohort studies. In other words, the (lowering or increasing) effect found in case-control studies should always be confirmed in cohort studies before a comment can be made.

Research Question:
Eating fried products increases the chance of getting prostate cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contain 4 case-control studies with a total of 2572 prostate cancer patients and 2277 matched controls.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that eating a lot of fried products, the chance of getting prostate cancer significantly with 35% [RR = 1.35, 95% CI = 1.17-1.57] increased.

The researchers concluded that eating a lot of fried products, the chance of getting prostate cancer may be increased. Possible because the overview article not only case-control studies and cohort studies.

Original title:
Fried food and prostate cancer risk: systematic review and meta-analysis by Lippi Mattiuzzi G and C.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/26114920

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read here more studies on prostate cancer.

The results found in case-control studies are less reliable than cohort studies because in case-control studies are more sensitive to errors than cohort studies. In other words, the (lowering or increasing) effect found in case-control studies should always be confirmed in cohort studies before a comment can be made.

 

Research Question:
The relationship between the intake of vitamin E and the risk of getting lung cancer is still contradictory. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Eating vitamin E lowers the chances of getting lung cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 10 prospective cohort studies and 1 case-control study with a total of 4434 lung cancer cases.

There was no question of publication bias.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found in the 11 studies that eating a lot of vitamin E the chances of getting lung cancer significantly with 14.2% [RR = 0.858, 95% CI = 0.742-0.99, I2 = 47.3%, p = 0.041] reduced.

The researchers found that eating a lot of vitamin E the chances of getting lung cancer among Americans significantly with 13.8% [RR = 0.862, 95% CI = 0715-0.996] reduced.

The researchers found in 10 prospective cohort studies that eating a lot of vitamin E the chances of getting lung cancer significantly with 8.7% [RR = 0.913, 95% CI = 0.827-0.996] reduced.

The researchers concluded that eating a lot of vitamin E the chance of getting longerkanker, particularly among Americans reduced.

Original title:
Dietary vitamin E intake could reduce the risk of lung cancer: evidence from a meta-analysis by Chen G, Wang J, [...], Li Q.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4483938/

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read here more studies on vitamin E.
 

Research Question:
Improves swallowing DHA the memory of the elderly?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 15 intervention studies (with an average duration of 4-6 months. The age of the participants was above 45 years) and 13 observational studies. 

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that swallowing of DHA with or without EPA increased significantly [p 0.004] the episodic memory of people with mild memory problems.

The researchers found that swallowing or grams of DHA and EPA per day, significantly improved memory.

The researchers found that swallowing of at least 580 mg of DHA per day, the episodic memory of both people with mild memory problems as people without memory problems significantly increased.

The researchers found in observational studies support the broad role of DHA/EPA-intake and the positive effects on memory in people over 45 years.

The researchers concluded that DHA (580 mg or higher) with or without EPA (1 grams of DHA and EPA or higher) the episodic memory of people with mild memory problems improved.

Original title:
Docosahexaenoic Acid and Adult Memory: A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis by Paul-Mauro K, Alexander DD and Van Elswyk ME.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4364972/

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on DHA and EPA and prevent memory problems. What fish more than 580 mg of DHA, you can look up here.

The episodic memory is the memory for events that have taken place in the past. The episodic memory develops from the third year. This is the reason that we have no memory for our third year of life. On the other hand, does the emotional memory have from birth.

Summary:
The researchers found in an overview article of 12 prospective cohort studies with 672389 57641 deaths among participants, that eating a lot of fish the chance of death to all causes significantly with 6% reduced.

Research Question:
Although fish consumption impact on chronic disease-related mortality, the relationship between eating fish and all-cause mortality inconsistent. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Lowers the chance of eating fish death to all causes (all-cause mortalieit)?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 12 prospective cohort studies with 672389 participants, of which 57641 deaths.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found the highest fish consumption group compared to the lowest, a significantly reduced risk of all-cause mortality by 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.90-0.98, I2 = 39.1%, p = 0.06].  

The researchers found a non-linear relationship between eating fish and all-cause mortality.

The researchers found that eating 60 grams of fish per day significantly the risk of all-cause mortality with 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.83-0.93] reduced.        

The researchers concluded that eating a lot of fish (at least 60 grams per day) reduced the risk of all-cause mortiliteit.

Original title:
Fish consumption and all-cause mortality: a meta-analysis of cohort studies by Zhao LG, JW, Sun [...], Xiang YB.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25969396

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on eating fish.

Research Question:
Eating vitamin C lowers the chances of getting prostate cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 18 studies (6 cohort and case-control studies 12) with a total of 103658 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that eating a lot of vitamin C, the chance of getting prostate cancer significantly with 11% [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.83-0.94, p = 0.000, I2 = 39.4%, p = 0.045] reduced.

The researchers found in cohort studies that eating a lot of vitamin C, the chance of getting prostate cancer significantly with 8% [RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.86-0.99, p = 0.215] reduced.

The researchers found in case-control studies that eating a lot of vitamin C, the chance of getting prostate cancer significantly with 20% [RR = 0.80, 95% CI = 0.71-0.89, p = 0.000] reduced.

The researchers found in cohort studies that eating 150 mg vitamin C per day, the chance of getting prostate cancer significantly with 5% [RR = 0.95, 95% CI = 0.90-0.99, p = 0.039] reduced.

The researchers found in case-control studies that eating 150 mg vitamin C per day, the chance of getting prostate cancer significantly with 21% [RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.69-0.91, p = 0.001] reduced.

The researchers concluded that eating 150 mg of vitamin C per day, reduced the chance of getting prostate cancer.

Original title:
Association between Dietary Vitamin C Intake and Risk of Prostate Cancer: A Meta-analysis Involving 103,658 Subjects by Bai XY, Qu X, [...], Wu H.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4532989/

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read here more studies on vitamin C and prostate cancer.

The results found in case-control studies are less reliable than cohort studies because in case-control studies are more sensitive to errors than cohort studies. In other words, the (lowering or increasing) effect found in case-control studies should always be confirmed in cohort studies.
 

Research Question:
Women with gestational diabetes have less selenium in the body?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 6 observational studies with 147 women with gestational diabetes and 360 women without gestational diabetes.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that women with gestational diabetes had a lower serum selenium concentration than women without gestational diabetes [Hedges =-1.34, 95% CI =-2.33 to-0.36, p 0.01].  However, the difference was only signficant in the third trimester [Hedges =-2.81, 95% CI =-5.21 to-0.42, p 0.05].

The researchers found that pregnant women with impaired glucose tolerance had a lower serum selenium concentration than pregnant women with a normal blood sugar levels [Hedges =-0.85, 95% CI = 1.18-to-0.52]. 

The researchers concluded that pregnant women with elevated blood sugar less selenium, especially in the third trimester in the body than pregnant women with a normal blood sugar levels.

Original title:
The association between serum selenium and gestational diabetes mellitus: A systematic review and meta-analysis by Askaria G, Irajb B, [...], Jafaria T.

Link:
http://www.sciencedirect.com/science/article/pii/S0946672X14001758

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on selenium.
How many kilos of a woman during pregnancy should arrive, you can look up here.

Research Question:
Swallowing garlic supplements lowers the blood pressure?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 17 Rcts.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that garlic supplements the systolic blood pressure significantly with 3.75 mmHg [95% CI =-5.04 to-2.45, I2 = 30.7%, p 0.001] reduced.

The researchers found that garlic supplements the diastolic blood pressure significantly with 3.39 mmHg [95% CI =-4.14 to-2.65, I2 = 67% p 0.001] reduced.

The researchers found in the subgroup analysis that garlic supplements the systolic blood pressure in patients with high blood pressure with 4.4 mmHg [95% CI =-7.37 to-1.42, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.008] reduced, but not in people with normal blood pressure.

The researchers found in the sensitivity analysis in which the heterogeneity disappeared, that garlic supplements the diastolsiche blood pressure in patients with high blood pressure significantly with 2.68 mmHg [95% CI =-5.99 to-0.42, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.020] reduced.

The researchers concluded that garlic supplements reduced blood pressure, especially in people with high blood pressure.

Original title:
Effect of Garlic on Blood Pressure: A Meta-Analysis by Wang HP, Yang J, [...], Yang XJ.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25557383

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on garlic and prevent high blood pressure.
Read more about overview article, Rcts, 95% CI and subgroup analysis.

Research Question:
Eating fruits and vegetables lowers the chances of getting bladder cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article 15 contained 12 cohort studies and case-control studies.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that eating lots of vegetables compared to little, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 16% [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.72-0.96] reduced.

The researchers found that eating a lot of fruit compared to little, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 19% [RR = 0.99, 95% CI = 0.73-0.89] reduced.

The researchers found that eating 200 g of vegetables a day, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 8% [RR = 0.92, 95% CI = 0.87-0.97] reduced.

The researchers found that eating 200 grams of fruit per day, the chances of getting bladder cancer significantly with 9% [RR = 0.91, 95% CI = 0.83-0.99] reduced.

The researchers concluded that eating 200 g of vegetables or 200 grams of fruit per day, the chances of getting bladder cancer reduced.

Original title:
Fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of bladder cancer: an updated meta-analysis of observational studies by Liu H, Wang XC, [...], Xu YF.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25642791

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on the occurrence of cancer and the protective effect of fruits and vegetables.

These meals contain 200 grams 200 grams of vegetables and fruit.

Research Question:
Or vitamin C a protective factor for age-related cataract is, remains unclear. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Vitamin C lowers the chances of getting age-related cataract (cataracts)?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 20 studies on vitamin C intake and 10 studies on serum ascorbaatgehalte (= the vitamin C content in the body). 

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found a high vitamin C intake compared to a low, a significantly reduced risk of 18.6% [RR = 0.814, 95% CI = 0.578-0.231] for age-related cataract. This significantly reduced risk was found in both America and Asia.

The researchers found a high serum ascorbaatgehalte compared to a layer, a significantly reduced risk of 29.6% [RR = 0.564-0704, 95% CI = 0.879] for age-related cataract. This significantly reduced risk was both in nuclear cataract Subcapsular cataract as found.

The researchers concluded that both high vitamin C intake as a high serum ascorbaatgehalte, reduced the chance of getting age-related cataract.

Original title:
Association of vitamin C with the risk of age-related cataract: a meta-analysis by Wei L, Liang G, [...], Lv J.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25735187

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies vitamin C.
A vitamin C-rich meal contains at least 100 mg of vitamin c. These meals are rich in vitamin C.

Research Question:
Vegetarian diets can promote weight loss, however the evidence is ambiguous. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Following a vegetarian diet leads to weight loss?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 12 Rcts with a total of 1151 people that a vegetarian diet with an average maturity of 18 weeks.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that people who followed a vegetarian diet lost significantly more weight than those who do not vegetarian diet followed [weighted average difference =-2.02 kg, 95% CI =-2.80 to-1.23].

The researchers found in the subgroup analysis (to get more information) that the weight loss in a vegan diet significantly 2.52 kg [95% CI = 3.02-to-1.98] but at a lacto-ovo diet not significant 1.48 kg [95% CI =-3.99 to 0.47] amounted to.

The researchers found in the subgroup analysis that people who followed a vegetarian diet with energy restriction lost significantly more weight than those followed a vegetarian diet without energy restriction [2.21 kg, 95% CI =-3.31 to-1.12 versus 1.66 kg, 95% CI =-2.85 to-0.59]. 

The researchers found in the subgroup analysis that following a vegetarian diet of less than 1 year led to more weight loss than following a vegetarian diet longer than 1 year [-2.05 kg, 95% CI =-2.85 to-1.25 versus-1.13 kg, 95% CI =-2.04 to-0.21].

The researchers concluded that following a vegetarian diet with an average maturity of 18 weeks to a weight loss of 2.02 kg. Most weight loss was achieved with a vegan diet with energy restriction.

Original title:
Vegetarian Diets and Weight Reduction: a Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Huang RY, Huang CC, [...], Chavarro you.

Link:
http://onlinelibrary.wiley.com/doi/10.1111/obr.12067/abstract

Additional information about El Mondo:
Read here about being overweight.
Read more about vegetarian diet.
Only a vegetarian diet leads to weight loss and return of the diet in addition also low fat and high fiber.

A vegetarian is generally defined as someone who does not eat meat. But there are several versions and degrees of vegetarian. For example, there are:

Lacto-ovo vegetarians:
A lacto-ovo vegetarian doesn't eat meat, fish or poultry, but eggs, milk and cheese. This is the most common type of vegetarian. A lacto vegetarian or eat milk and cheese products but no eggs while an ovo-vegetarian right again no cheese and milk products but eat eggs.

Pescotariërs and pollotariërs:
A pescotariër do not eat meat, poultry and dairy, but fish while a pollotariër not eat meat, fish and dairy, but poultry, particularly chicken.

Vegans:
Vegans eat no animal products or by-products or use. They eat only vegetables, fruits, nuts, grains and legumes. They also eat no foods where animal products are processed. So, for example, they eat nothing with animal oils is prepared, no mayonnaise because there's egg in and no products with certain E-numbers in it because there for example bone marrow (as in the E number gelatin) in May. Vegans also make no use of utensils in which animal materials. So for example, vegans bear no learning (only cotton shoes and belts, etc.) and also no wool products.

Fruit Aryans and raw food-trailer:
This group of vegetarians is not often. A fruit MEP eat only fruit and nuts. They eat nothing where a plant for should be killed, so only the fruits that can be picked. The reasoning is that this way of eating the most in balance and harmony with the Earth and nature.
A raw food follower eat only raw foods, so only vegetables, fruit, nuts and legumes. According to them disappear the nutritional values from eating when they are purchased.

 

Research Question:
Swallowing of vitamin E reduces the chance of getting a heart attack?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 16 Rcts. The dosage ranged between 33 and 800 IU of vitamin e. the follow-up duration ranged between 0.5 and 9.4 years.
1 IU of vitamin E is approximately:

• 1 mg dl-α tocopherol acetate
• 0.91 mg dl-α tocopherol
• 0.67 mg d-α tocopherol (vitamin E in people's mouth)
• 1.12 mg dl-α tocoferolwaterstofsuccinaat

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that swallowing vitamin E the chance of getting a heart attack significantly with 18% [RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.70-0.96, p = 0.01] reduced.

The researchers found that swallowing vitamin E the chance of getting a fatal heart attacks significantly with 16% [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.73-0.96, p = 0.01] reduced.

The researchers concluded that swallowing 33-800 IE (22.11-536 mg) vitamin a day, reduced the risk of getting a heart attack. However, this reduced risk disappeared when vitamin E was combined with other antioxidants. 

Original title:
Supplementation with vitamin e alone is associated with reduced myocardial infarction: a meta-analysis by Loffredo L, Perri L, [...], Violi f.

Link:
http://www.nmcd-journal.com/article/S0939-4753%2815%2900024-1/abstract

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on vitamin E and prevent a heart attack.

Research Question:
There are conflicting results about the association between plasma homocysteine (tHcy) and the vitamin B content and getting the age-related macular degeneration (AMD). It was therefore carried out this review article.

Raise a high homocysteine and low vitamin B content the chance of getting the age-related macular degeneration?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 11 studies on homocysteine levels with a total of 1072 cases with age-related macular degeneration and 1202 cases without age-related macular degeneration and 3 studies on folic acid and vitamin B12 levels with a total of 152 cases with age-related macular degeneration and 98 cases without age-related macular degeneration.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that homocysteine levels of people with age-related macular degeneration signficant 2.67 μmol/L [95% CI = 1.60-3.74, I2 = 92%, p 0.00001] was higher than of people without age-related macular degeneration.

The researchers found that vitamin B12 levels of people with age-related macular degeneration 64.16 pg/mL [95% CI = 19.32-109.00, I2 = 35%, p = 0.19] was lower than of people without age-related macular degeneration.

The researchers found that the folic acid content of people with the wet form of age-related macular degeneration 1.66 ng/mL [95% CI = 0.10-3.99] was lower than of people without age-related macular degeneration.

The researchers concluded that a high homocysteine or low vitamin B12 levels the chance of getting the increased age-related macular degeneration.

Original title:
Homocysteine and the risk of age-related macular degeneration: a systematic review and meta-analysis by Huang P, Wang F, [...], Sun X.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4508850/

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies about lowering homocysteine levels and raising the folic acid and vitamin B12 levels.

Research Question:
Eating fish reduces the chances of getting liver cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 5 retrospective patient-control studies and 5 prospective cohort studies with a total of 3624 liver cancer patients.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found in case-control studies that eating a lot of fish compared to little, the chances of getting liver cancer are not significantly by 21% [RR = 0.79, 95% CI = 0.59-1.06] reduced.

The researchers found in cohort studies that eating a lot of fish compared to little, the chances of getting liver cancer significantly with 18% [RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.70-0.96] reduced.

The researchers found when all studies were combined, that eating a lot of fish compared to little, the chances of getting liver cancer significantly with 18% [RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.71-0.94, I2 = 12.8%, p = 0.33] reduced.

The researchers found that the reduced risk remained significant in both stratified as sensitivity analyses.

The researchers found that 1 serving of fish per week the chance of getting leverkaner significantly with 6% [RR = 0.94, 95% CI = 0.91-0.98, I2 = 0.0%, p = 0.74] reduced.

The researchers concluded that eating 1 serving (100 grams) of fish per week reduced the chances of getting liver cancer.

Original title:
Fish intake and risk of liver cancer: a meta-analysis by Huang RX, Duan YY and Hu Yes.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC4304705/

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on the occurrence of cancer and fish consumption.

Research Question:
Eating vitamins lowers the chances of getting colon cancer?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 74 articles (cohort studies).

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found the highest folate intake via diet compared with the lowest intake, a significantly reduced risk of 12% [multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.81-0.95] for colon cancer.

The researchers found the highest vitamin D intake through diet compared with the lowest intake, a significantly reduced risk of 13% [multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.77-0.99] for colon cancer.

The researchers found the highest vitamin B6 intake via diet compared with the lowest intake, a significantly reduced risk of 12% [multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.79-0.99] for colon cancer.

The researchers found the highest vitamin B2 intake via diet compared with the lowest intake, a significantly reduced risk of 14% [multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.76-0.97] for colon cancer.

However, the researchers found no link between vitamin A, B12, C, or E-intake via diet and the risk of getting colon cancer.

The researchers concluded that eating a lot of folic acid, vitamin D, B6 and B2 the chance of getting colon cancer reduced.

Original title:
Vitamin and multiple-vitamin supplement intake and incidence of colorectal cancer: a meta-analysis of cohort studies by Liu Y, Yu Q, [...], Li k.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25491145

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on colon cancer and vitamins.
This meal contains a lot of vitamin D and B6.

Research Question:
Observational studies suggest an association between fruit and vegetable consumption and coronary heart disease (CHD). However, the results are inconsistent. It was therefore carried out this review article.

Eating fruits and vegetables lowers the chances of getting coronary heart disease?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 23 prospective studies with 937665 participants, of which 18047 patients with coronary artery disease.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that eating lots of fruits and vegetables the chance of getting a coronary heart disease significantly with 16% [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.79-0.90] reduced.

The researchers found that eating lots of fruits the chance of getting a coronary heart disease significantly with 14% [RR = 0.86, 95% CI = 0.82-0.91] reduced.

The researchers found that eating lots of vegetables the chance of getting a coronary heart disease significantly with 13% [RR = 0.87, 95% CI = 0.81-0.93] reduced.

The researchers found that eating 477 grams of fruit and vegetables per day the chances of getting coronary artery disease significantly with 12% [RR = 0.88, 95% CI = 0.85-0.91] reduced.

The researchers found that eating 300 grams of fruit per day the chances of getting coronary artery disease significantly with 16% [RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.75-0.93] reduced.

The researchers found that eating 400 g of vegetables per day the chances of getting coronary artery disease significantly with 18% [RR = 0.82, 95% CI = 0.73-0.92] reduced.

The researchers found in the subgroup analysis that eating fruits and/or vegetables the chances of getting coronary artery disease among Europeans but not under Asians reduced.

The researchers concluded that eating vegetables and/or fruit the chance of getting a reduced coronary artery disease, especially among Asians.

Original title:
Or fruit and vegetable consumption and risk of coronary heart disease: A meta-analysis of prospective cohort studies by Gan Y, Tong X, [...], Lu Z.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25662075

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on eating fruits and vegetables and heart disease.

Research Question:
A zinc deficiency increases the chance of getting a heart attack?

Study Design:
This overview article contained 41 case-control studies with 2886 participants.

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that patients who had a heart attack have low zinc status (less zinc in the body) [SMD =-1,148, 95% CI =-2,365 to-1,331] had than healthy people. 

The researchers found in the subgroup analysis that patients who have had a heart attack a low serum zinc status [SMD =-1,764, 95% CI =-2,417 to-1.112] had than healthy people. 

The researchers found in the subgroup analysis that patients who have had a heart attack her a low zinc status [SMD =-3.326, 95% CI = 4.616-to-2.036] had than healthy people. 

The researchers found that both men in the subgroup analysis [SMD =-3,350, 95% CI =-149 to-1,348] and women [SMD =-1,652, 95% CI =-3,440 to-1922] who have had a heart attack had a low zinc status than healthy people.

The researchers found in the subgroup analysis that the zinc status in Asian patients who have had a heart attack, lower than in European patients.

The researchers concluded that there is a significant relationship existed between zinc deficiency and getting a heart attack.

Original title:
Deficient Zinc Levels and Myocardial Infarction: Association Between Deficient Zinc Levels and Myocardial Infarction: a Meta-analysis by Liu B, Cai ZQ and Zhou YM.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25627421

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies on zinc and prevent a heart attack.

Research Question:
Lowers eating fish or long chain omega-3 fatty acids the chances of getting Alzheimer's disease?

Study Design:
This overview article contained prospective cohort studies.
There was a low heterogeneity between the studies and within the subgroups.                                                                                              

Results and conclusions:
The researchers found that both eating lots of long chain omega-3 fatty acids as fish the chance of getting dementia not significantly reduced [RR respectively = 0.97, 95% CI = 0.85-1.10 and RR = 0.84, 95% CI = 0.71-1.01].

The researchers found that eating a lot of long chain omega-3 fatty acids, the chances of getting Alzheimer's disease are not significantly by 11% [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.74-1.08] reduced.
Not significant is, there cannot be said with 95% reliability that eating lots of long chain omega-3 fatty acids, the chances of getting Alzheimer's disease reduced.

The researchers found that eating a lot of fish, the chances of getting Alzheimer's disease significantly with 36% [RR = 0.64, 95% CI = 0.44-0.92] reduced.

The researchers found that eating 100 grams of fish per week, the chances of getting Alzheimer's disease significantly with 11% [RR = 0.89, 95% CI = 0.79-0.99] reduced.

The researchers concluded that eating a lot of fish (at least 100 grams per week) the chances of getting Alzheimer's disease (and not dementia) reduced.

Original title:
Omega-3 fatty acids intake and risks of dementia and Alzheimer's disease: A meta-analysis by Wu S, Thing Y, [...], Mao P.

Link:
http://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pubmed/25446949

Additional information about El Mondo:
Find here more studies eating fish.

Onderzoeksvraag:.
De associaties tussen de inname van anthocyaninen en anthocyanine-rijke bessen en het risico op het krijgen van hart- en vaatziekten moeten nog worden vastgesteld. Daarom werd dit overzichtsartikel uitgevoerd.

Verlaagt zowel het slikken van gezuiverde anthocyaninensupplementen als het eten van anthocyanine-rijke bessen de kans op het krijgen van hart- en vaatziekten? 

Studieopzet:
Dit overzichtsartikel bevatte 44 RCT’s met in totaal 2353 deelnemers en 15 prospectieve cohort studies met in totaal 554638 deelnemers.
The gemiddelde interventieduur van de RCT’s was 8 weken. 22 van de 44 RCT’s waren van hoge kwaliteit.
De gemiddeld follow-up duur van de 15 cohort studies was 12 jaar. 12 van deze 15 studies waren van hoge kwaliteit.

Er was geen publicatie bias, behalve bij het effect van gezuiverde anthocyaninensupplementen op het HDL cholesterolgehalte.

Resultaten en conclusies:
De onderzoekers vonden in gepoolde analyses van RCT’s dat het slikken van gezuiverde anthocyaninensupplementen het LDL cholesterolgehalte (slecht cholesterol) significant verlaagde [WMD = -5.43 mg/dL, 95% BI = -8.96 tot -1.90 mg/dL, p = 0.003].
 

De onderzoekers vonden in gepoolde analyses van RCT’s dat het slikken van gezuiverde anthocyaninensupplementen het triglyceridengehalte significant verlaagde [WMD = -6.18 mg/dL, 95% CI = -11.67 tot -0.69 mg/dL, p = 0.027, I2 = 0%].

De onderzoekers vonden in gepoolde analyses van RCT’s dat het slikken van gezuiverde anthocyaninensupplementen het HDL cholesterolgehalte (goed cholesterol) significant verhoogde [WMD = 2.76 mg/dL, 95% CI = 1.34 tot 4.18 mg/dL, p 0.001, I2 = 43.5%].
Dit verhoogde effect werd ook teruggevonden in de subgroepenanalyses.

De onderzoekers vonden in gepoolde analyses van RCT’s dat het slikken van gezuiverde anthocyaninensupplementen het tumornecrosefactor-alfa (TNF-α) gehalte significant verlaagde [WMD = -1.62 pg/mL, 95% BI = -2.76 tot -0.48 pg/mL, p = 0.005, I2 = 0%].

De onderzoekers vonden in gepoolde analyses van RCT’s dat het slikken van gezuiverde anthocyaninensupplementen het CRP-gehalte significant verlaagde [WMD = -0.028 mg/dL, 95% BI = -0.050 tot -0.005 mg/dL, p = 0.014, I2 = 26%].

De onderzoekers vonden in gepoolde analyses van RCT’s dat suppletie van anthocyanine-rijke bessen (bosbes, cranberry, bilberry en zwarte bes) het totale cholesterolgehalte significant verlaagde [WMD = -4.48 mg/dL, 95% BI = -8.94 tot -0.02 mg/dL, p = 0.049].  

De onderzoekers vonden in gepoolde analyses van RCT’s dat suppletie van anthocyanine-rijke bessen (bosbes, cranberry, bilberry en zwarte bes) het CRP-gehalte significant verlaagde [WMD = -0.046 mg/dL, 95% BI = -0.070 tot -0.022 mg/dL, p 0.001, I2 = 0%].

De onderzoekers vonden in gepoolde analyses van cohort studies dat de inname van anthocyaninen via voeding, de kans op het krijgen van coronaire hatziekte significant met 17% [relatieve risico = 0.83, 95% BI = 0.72 tot 0.95, p = 0.009, I2 = 51.2%] verlaagde.

De onderzoekers vonden in gepoolde analyses van cohort studies dat de inname van anthocyaninen via voeding, de kans op het krijgen van hart- en vaatziekten significant met 27% [relatieve risico = 0.73, 95% BI = 0.55 tot 0.97, p = 0.03, I2 = 76.7%] verlaagde.

De onderzoekers vonden in gepoolde analyses van cohort studies dat de inname van anthocyaninen via voeding, de kans op doodgaan aan hart- en vaatziekten significant met 9% [relatieve risico = 0.91, 95% BI = 0.87 tot 0.96, p 0.001, I2 = 0%] verlaagde.
Echter, dit verlaagde risico werd in de subgroepenanalyses alleen teruggevonden bij vrouwen maar niet bij mannen.

De onderzoekers concludeerden dat zowel het slikken van gezuiverde anthocyaninensupplementen gedurende 8 weken als het eten van anthocyanine-rijke bessen (bosbes, cranberry, bilberry en zwarte bes) de kans op het krijgen van en doodgaan aan hart- en vaatziekten verlaagden. 

Oorspronkelijke titel:
Anthocyanins, Anthocyanin-Rich Berries, and Cardiovascular Risks: Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of 44 Randomized Controlled Trials and 15 Prospective Cohort Studies by Xu L, Tian Z, […], Yang Y.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8714924/

Extra informatie van El Mondo:
Vind hier meer studies/informatie over bessen, anthocyaninen, het verlagen van het cholesterolgehalte en het verlagen van hart- en vaatziekten.

Onderzoeksvraag:.
Eerdere studies hebben de relatie tussen HDL-cholesterol en de overlijdensrisico's door alle oorzaken en door hart- en vaatziekten niet volledig beschreven. Daarom werd dit overzichtsartikel uitgevoerd.

Verlaagt het hebben van een hoog HDL-cholesterolgehalte (goed cholesterol) de kans op doodgaan aan zowel alle oorzaken als hart- en vaatziekten?

Studieopzet:
Dit overzichtsartikel bevatte 32 prospectieve cohort studies met in totaal 369904 deelnemers, waarvan 33473 doden (9426 doden aan hart- en vaatziekten).

Resultaten en conclusies:
De onderzoekers vonden dat een hoog HDL-cholesterolgehalte (goed colesterol) de kans op doodgaan aan alle oorzaken significant met 18% [RR = 0.82, 95% BI = 0.73 to 0.93] verlaagde.
Dit verlaagde risico was het hoogste bij 1.34 mmol/L HDL-cholesterolgehalte.

De onderzoekers vonden dat een hoog HDL-cholesterolgehalte de kans op doodgaan aan hart- en vaatziekten significant met 36% [RR = 0.64, 95% BI = 0.46 to 0.89] verlaagde.
Dit verlaagde risico was het hoogste bij 1.55 mmol/L HDL-cholesterolgehalte.

De onderzoekers vonden dat elke verhoging van het HDL-cholesterolgehalte met 1 mmol/L de kans op doodgaan aan alle oorzaken significant met 15% [RR = 0.85, 95% BI = 0.79 to 0.92] verlaagde.
Significant wil zeggen, er is een verband bij een 95% betrouwbaarheid.
 

De onderzoekers vonden dat elke verhoging van het HDL-cholesterolgehalte met 1 mmol/L de kans op doodgaan aan hart- en vaatziekten significant met 23% [RR = 0.77, 95% BI = 0.69 to 0.87] verlaagde.

De onderzoekers concludeerden dat het HDL cholesterolgehalte tot 2.05 mmol/L de kans op doodgaan aan alle oorzaken verlaagde, terwijl het HDL cholesterolgehalte tot 2.33 mmol/L de kans op doodgaan aan hart- en vaatziekten verlaagde. 

Oorspronkelijke titel:
A dose-response meta-analysis to evaluate the relationship between high-density lipoprotein cholesterol and all-cause and cardiovascular disease mortality by Liu L, Han M, […], Hong F.

Link:
https://pubmed.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/34676492/

Extra informatie van El Mondo:
Vind hier meer studies/informatie over significant/cohort/RCTs, het verlagen van het cholesterolgehalte en het verlagen van hart- en vaatziekten.

Onderzoeksvraag:
Verlaagt het volgen van een eiwitrijk dieet causaal het lichaamsgewicht bij volwassenen met overgewicht of obesitas?  

Studieopzet:
Dit overzichtsartikel bevatte 37 RCT’s.
De gemiddelde studieduur was 32 weken (8-104 weken).
Er was geen publicatie bias.

Resultaten en conclusies:
De onderzoekers vonden dat het volgen van een eiwitdieet met 18 tot 59 energieprocent (18-59 En% eiwit), het lichaamsgewicht significant met 1.6 kg [95% BI = 1.2 tot 2.0 kg, I2 = 56%] verlaagde.
Dit resultaat werd ook teruggevonden in de sensitiviteitsanalyses.

De onderzoekers concludeerden dat het volgen van een eiwitdieet met 18 tot 59 energieprocent (18-59 En% eiwit) gedurende 32 weken, het lichaamsgewicht bij volwassenen met overgewicht of obesitas causaal verlaagde.

Oorspronkelijke titel:
Are Dietary Proteins the Key to Successful Body Weight Management? A Systematic Review and Meta-Analysis of Studies Assessing Body Weight Outcomes after Interventions with Increased Dietary Protein by Hansen TT, Astrup A and Sjödin A.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8468854/

Extra informatie van El Mondo:
Vind hier meer studies over overgewicht en eiwit.

Een eiwitdieet met 18 tot 59 energieprocent (18-59 En% eiwit) wilt zeggen dat het aantal gram eiwit 18 tot 59% bijdraagt aan het totale kcal van het desbetreffende dieet.
Dus als een dieet 2000 kcal bevat, draagt 90 gram eiwit 18% bij aan 2000 kcal. 90 gram eiwit levert 360 kcal want 1 gram eiwit levert 4 cal. 360 kcal draagt dus 18% bij aan een dieet van 2000 kcal.

De makkelijkste manier om een dieet met 18-59 En% eiwit te volgen, is door te kiezen voor alleen maar producten/maaltijden die ook 18-59 En% eiwit bevatten. Deze producten uit de supermarkt bevatten 18-59 En% eiwit. 
Echter, de meest praktische manier om een dieet met 18-59 En% eiwit te volgen, is al uw dagelijks gegeten producten/maaltijden moeten gemiddeld 18-59 En% eiwit bevatten.

Gebruik de 7-punten voedingsprofiel app om te zien of uw dagelijks voeding ook 18-59 En% eiwit bevat.

Een eiwitrijk dieet is een dieet met minimaal 20 En% eiwit.

Onderzoeksvraag:
De associatie tussen vitamine C consumptie en het metabole syndroom (MetS) is geëvalueerd in de verschillende epidemiologische onderzoeken maar de resultaten zijn tegenstrijdig. Daarom werd dit overzichtsartikel uitgevoerd.

Verlaagt een hoge vitamine C inname via voeding of het hebben van een hoog vitamine C gehalte in het bloed de kans op het krijgen van het metabole syndroom?

Studieopzet:
Dit overzichtsartikel bevatte 2 cohort studies en 26 cross-sectionele studies met in totaal 110771 deelnemers.

Er was geen publicatie bias.

Resultaten en conclusies:
De onderzoekers vonden vergeleken met een lage inname dat een hoge inname van vitamine C via voeding, de kans op het krijgen van het metabole syndroom significant met 7% [multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.93, 95% BI = 0.88 tot 0.97, p = 0.003, I2 = 54.5%, p = 0.003] verlaagde.

De onderzoekers vonden vergeleken met een lager vitamine C gehalte dat een hoger vitamine C gehalte in het lichaam de kans op het krijgen van het metabole syndroom significant met 40% [multivariable-adjusted RR = 0.60, 95% BI = 0.49 tot 0.74, I2 = 22.7%, p = 0.249] verlaagde.

De onderzoekers concludeerden dat zowel een hoge vitamine C inname via voeding als het hebben van een hoog vitamine C gehalte in het bloed, de kans op het krijgen van het metabole syndroom verlaagden.

Oorspronkelijke titel:
Vitamin C and Metabolic Syndrome: A Meta-Analysis of Observational Studies by Guo H, Ding J, [...], Zhang Y.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8531097/

Extra informatie van El Mondo:
Vind hier meer studies over vitamine C en het metabole syndroom.

Een hoge vitamine C consumptie via voeding komt in de praktijk neer op 200 tot 300 gram groente en 2-5 stuks fruit per dag. Vitamine  C zit namelijk in groente en fruit.

Een hoog vitamine C gehalte in het lichaam kan verkregen worden door levensmiddelen te eten die veel vitamine C bevatten en/of vitamine C supplementen te slikken.

Onderzoeksvraag:
De associaties tussen de koolhydratenconsumptie en diverse gezondheidsresultaten blijven controversieel en verwarrend. Daarom werd dit overzichtsartikel (meta-analyse) uitgevoerd.

Wat is het verband tussen de koolhydratenconsumptie (het eten van koolhydraten) en de diverse gezondheidsresultaten?

Studieopzet:
Dit overzichtsartikel bevatte 43 meta-analyses van observationele studies met 23 gezondheidsresultaten, waaronder kanker (n = 26), mortaliteit (n = 4), stofwisselingsziekten (n = 4), het spijsverteringsstelsel (n = 3) en andere uitkomsten [coronaire hartziekte (n = 2), beroerte (n = 1), ziekte van Parkinson (n = 1) en botbreuk (n = 2)].
Dit overkoepelende overzichtsartikel bevatten 281 individuele studies met in totaal 13164365 deelnemers.

33.3% van de studies werd als hoge kwaliteit en 66.7% als matige kwaliteit beschouwd.

Resultaten en conclusies:
De onderzoekers vonden dat het eten van koolhydraten de kans op het krijgen van het metabole syndroom significant met 25% [adjusted OR = 1.25, 95% BI = 1.15 tot 1.37, zeer suggestief bewijs] verhoogde.  

De onderzoekers vonden dat het eten van koolhydraten de kans op doodgaan aan alle oorzaken significant met 19% [adjusted HR = 1.19, 95% BI = 1.09 tot 1.30, suggestief bewijs] verhoogde.  

De onderzoekers vonden dat het eten van koolhydraten de kans op het krijgen van slokdarmkanker significant met 43% [adjusted HR = 0.57, 95% BI = 0.42 tot 0.78, suggestief bewijs] verlaagde.  

De onderzoekers concludeerden dat er geen overtuigend bewijs was voor een duidelijke rol van de inname van koolhydraten. Echter, zeer suggestief bewijs liet zien dat de inname van koolhydraten de kans op het krijgen van het metabool syndroom verhoogde. Daarnaast, liet suggestief bewijs zien dat de inname van koolhydraten het risico op doodgaan aan alle oorzaken verhoogde terwijl het risico op het krijgen van slokdarmkanker juist verlaagde.

Oorspronkelijke titel:
Dietary Carbohydrate and Diverse Health Outcomes: Umbrella Review of 30 Systematic Reviews and Meta-Analyses of 281 Observational Studies by Liu YS, Wu QJ […], Zhao YH.

Link:
https://www.ncbi.nlm.nih.gov/pmc/articles/PMC8116488/

Extra informatie van El Mondo:
Vind hier meer studies over koolhydraten en het metabole syndroom.

Onderzoeksvraag:
Chemotherapie-geïnduceerde perifere neuropathie is een veel voorkomend symptoom, maar profylactische (preventieve) maatregelen kunnen nog steeds niet effectief worden uitgevoerd. Bovendien is de werkzaamheid van vitamine E bij het voorkomen van perifere neurotoxiciteit veroorzaakt door chemotherapie niet overtuigend en daarom werd dit overzichtsartikel uitgevoerd. 

Verlaagt vitamine E suppletie de kans op het krijgen van chemotherapie-geïnduceerde perifere neuropathie?

Studieopzet:
Dit overzichtsartikel bevatte 8 RCT’s met in totaal 488 kankerpatiënten.
Er was geen publicatie bias.

Resultaten en conclusies:
De onderzoekers vonden dat suppletie met 600 mg vitamine E per dag, de kans op het krijgen van chemotherapie-geïnduceerde perifere neuropathie signifcant met 69% [risk ratio = 0.31, 95% BI = 0.14 tot 0.65, p = 0.002, I2 = 0%] verlaagde.

De onderzoekers vonden dat suppletie met vitamine E de kans op het krijgen van chemotherapie-geïnduceerde perifere neuropathie bij kankerpatiënten die cisplatine kregen signifcant met 72% [risk ratio = 0.28, 95% BI = 0.14 tot 0.54, p = 0.0001, I2 = 0%] verlaagde.
Echter, dit signficante verlaagde risico werd niet teruggevonden bij kankerpatiënten die oxaliplatine kregen [risk ratio = 1.08, 95% BI = 0.95 tot 1.22, p = 0.24, I2 = 34%].

De onderzoekers vonden dat suppletie met vitamine E de surale sensorische amplitude na 3 chemokuren significant verlaagde [MD = -2.66, 95% BI = -5.09 tot -0.24, p = 0.03, I2 = 0%].
Echter, dit significante verlaagde effect werd niet teruggevonden na 6 chemokuren [MD = -1.28, 95% BI = -3.11 tot 0.54, p = 0.17, I2 = 40%].

De onderzoekers vonden dat kankerpatiënten die vitamine E kregen, hadden een grotere verbetering van de neurotoxiciteitsscore en een lagere incidentie van reflexen en distale paresthesieën (paresthesieën = het tintelend, jeukend en/of brandend gevoel of de gevoelloosheid in de ledematen dat ontstaat door een druk op een zenuw) dan de controlegroep (groep zonder vitamine E suppletie).

De onderzoekers concludeerden dat 600 mg vitamine E suppletie per dag tot een bescheiden verbetering leidde in de preventie (het voorkomen) van chemotherapie-geïnduceerde perifere neuropathie, met name bij kankerpatiënten die cisplatine kregen.

Oorspronkelijke titel:
Protective Effects of Vitamin E on Chemotherapy-Induced Peripheral Neuropathy: A Meta-Analysis of Randomized Controlled Trials by Miao H, Li R [...], Wen Z.

Link:
https://www.karger.com/Article/FullText/515620

Extra informatie van El Mondo:
Vind hier meer studies over vitamine E en kanker.

Chemotherapie is een behandeling van kanker met cytostatica. Cytostatica zijn stoffen die de kankercellen doden of afremmen en zich via het bloed verspreiden.

Cisplatine behoort tot een groep geneesmiddelen die cytostatica genoemd worden en die gebruikt worden voor de behandeling van kanker.